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Judgment
The accused is the petitioner herein.
This revision is directed against the Order passed by the Principal Sessions Judge, City Civil Court, dated 17-4-1998, rendered in C.A. No. 34
of 1997, whereby he confirmed the conviction and sentence passed by, the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, E.O.11, Egmore, Madras-
8, in EOCC No. 73 of 1995.
The accused/ petitioner is a senior I.A.S. Officer, belonging to Tamil Nadu Cadre. The case was argued by the petitioner himself.
The facts leading to the case are as follows:
For the assessment year 1991-92, the accused has failed to submit his return of income on or before 30-6-1991. Notice u/s 148 of Income Tax
Act, 1961 was issued, requiring him to file return of income within 30 days from the date of receipt of notice. The accused, who received the
notice failed to submit the return within the prescribed time. Therefore, the department issued a notice u/s 142(1) of the Act. In spite of it, the
accused failed to comply with the same. For the assessment years 1992-93 and 1993-94, the accused failed to submit his return of income on or
before 30-6-1992 and 30-6-1993, respectively. Hence, notice u/s 148 was issued, calling upon him to file his returns of income within 30 days
from the date of receipt of the notices. As the accused did not file the returns as required notice u/s 142(1), was served upon the accused. He sent
a reply on 9-12-1994 stating that his main source of income was salary on which tax was deducted, that he had to travel in performance of his
official duties, and that on account of the search effected, some of the records were dislocated and, hence the delay. The returns were filed on 9-
12-1994 by the accused showing an income of Rs. 1, 14,690. A return of income was filed on the same day for the year 1992-93, showing an
income of Rs. 1,24,560 along with a statement of total income showing income under the head ''Salary'' as Rs. 1,26,859. For the assessment year
1993-94, on the same day, a statement was filed, showing an income of Rs. 1,64,750 along with a statement of total income showing income
under the head ''Salary'' as Rs. 1,40,224. The assessments were completed accepting the income returned and showing the tax as ''NIL''. The
accused wilfully and deliberately delayed the filing of his return of income for 41 months, 30 months and 17 months, respectively, from 30-6-1991,
30-6-1992 and 30-6-1993 to 9-12-1994. Hence, a show-cause notice was issued questioning him as to why prosecution should not be launched
against him u/s 276CC of the Act for wilful failure in filing return of income. A reply was issued by the accused. Thus, the accused wilfully and
deliberately failed to file there turns of income for the assessment years 1991-92,1992-93 and 199394 within due time and in spite of repeated
statutory notices and, therefore, the accused is liable to be proceeded against u/s 276CC. Though there were three cases taken cognizance of by
the MagistrateinCCNos.71to73of 1995 for the offences alleged to have been committed by the accused in failing to furnish income return for the
years 1992-93, 1993-94 and 1994-95, the complaints were never marked. The case in CC No. 73 of 1995 relates to failure to furnish return in
time f or the assessment year 1991-92. This revision is directed against the very disposal in CC No. 73 of 1995.
On behalf of the complainant, four witnesses were examined and Exs. P1 to P 16 were marked. The accused did not examine any witness, but
three documents were marked on his side as Exs. DI to D3. The learned Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, E.O.11, found the accused
guilty u/s 276CC on three counts and sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three months and to pay a fine of Rs. 1,000
under each count and had directed that the sentences should run concurrently. As pointed out already, the appeal preferred by the accused against
the same to the Principal Sessions Judge in C.A. No. 34 of 1997 was dismissed, confirming the conviction and sentence and, thus, the petitioner is
before this Court.
The point for consideration is:
Whether the conviction and sentence passed by the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, E.O. 11, Egmore, and as confirmed by the
Principal Sessions Judge, City Civil Court, Madras, is liable to be interfered with ?
The Point: The petitioner would contend that the conditions necessary to invoke section 276CC are singularly absent in this case. According to
him, there must be a statutory and punishable delay. The delay must be wilful. There must be evasion of tax by the assessee. The exemption
indicated in the proviso has to be scrupulously adhered to by the Officers of the Income Tax department. Hence, he would submit that the
department has f ailed to prove that there has been a wilful and punishable delay within the meaning of section 276CC. It is further submitted by
the petitioner that the department has issued certain guidelines and those guidelines are binding upon the Income Tax Officer. The Circulars
containing such guidelines are executive in character and conscientious in nature. The Income Tax Officer concerned f ailed to implement the
Circular and, hence, the prosecution is not maintainable. It is also submitted by the petitioner that the Income Tax authorities have not exhausted
the statutory facilities before resorting to prosecution. He would also submit that there has been failure to follow the procedure and discretion to
resort to prosecution, which is colourable in nature and, therefore, the proceeding against the petitioner has to be set aside. But in my view, it is not
necessary to go into the merits of the case. For, 1 am satisfied that a serious flaw and grave error have been committed by the trial Magistrate. In
my opinion, it goes to the root of the matter and affects the entire edifice.
It is better to preface the discussion after setting out the relevant section, viz., section 276CC, which runs as follows:
Failure to furnish returns of income-If a person wilfully fails to furnish in due time the return of income which he is required to furnish under sub-
section (1) of section 139 or by notice given under clause (i) of subsection (1) of section 142 or section 148, he shall be punishable,-
(i) in a case where the amount of tax, which would have been evaded if the failure had not been discovered, exceeds one hundred thousand
rupees, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to seven years and with fine;
(ii) in any other case, with imprisonment of a term which shall not be less than three months but which may extend to three years with fine:
Provided that a person shall not be proceeded against under this section f or failure to furnish in due time the return of income under sub-section
(1) of section 139-
(i) for any assessment year commencing prior to the 1st day of April, 1975; or
(ii) for any assessment year commencing on or after the Ist day of April, 1975, if-
(a) the return is furnished by him before the expiry of the assessment year or
(b) the tax payable by him on the total income determined on regular assessment, as reduced by the advance tax, if any, paid, and any tax
deducted at source, does not exceed three thousand) rupees.-
The allegation is that the accused wilfully and deliberately failed to furnish the return of income for the years 1991-92, 1992-93 and 1993-94
and has, thus, committed an offence punishable u/s 276CC.
It is said that there are three separate complaints as against the accused/ petitioner. But, the complaints are not marked. Only one of the
complaints is found on the record. The other complaints are not there. Tile three separate complaints are said to be with regard to the delay in filing
of the returns for the years 1991-92,1992-93 and 1993-94. There are three separate orders sanctioning prosecution, relatable to three assessment
years 1991-92, 1992-93 and 1993-94, respectively. Of course, even that complaint relating to 1991-92 has not been marked in this case. Section
276CC, as extracted above, makes the failure to furnish in due time the return of income by a person, who is required to furnish u/s 13 9 or by a
notice given under clause (i) of sub-section (1) of section 142 or section 148, punishable in cases where the amount of tax which would have been
evaded, if the failure had not been discovered, exceeds one hundred thousand rupees, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be
less than six months but which may extend to seven years and with fine; and in any other case, it shall not be less than three months, but which may
extend to three years and with fine. Therefore, the failure to furnish the return of income in due time, is made punishable u/s 276CC. Thus, it is a
distinct offence.
The Apex Court has held that the word ''distinct'' means not identical. The word ''distinct'', thus, characterises that the two offences would be
distinct if they are not in any way inter-related. It would mean that two things are not being the same. The offences for which the accused is sought
to be made guilty are distinct offences in this case. The wilful failure to furnish in due time the return of income for the year 1991-92 is a distinct
offence. The wilful failure to furnish return of income in due time for the assessment year 1992-93 is a separate offence. Similarly, the wilful failare
to furnish in due time the return of income for the assessment year 1993-94 is a distinct and separate offence. These offences are not one and the
same. Each failure is liable for punishment u/s 276CC. Though the offences fall under the same section of the Income Tax Act, yet they are not the
same. They are not inter-related. They are distinct and specific. Therefore, when the offences with which the accused was charged are distinct or
separate and not in any way inter-related, and when each offence has no connection with the other, the joinder of charges will become bad in law.
Section 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1908, clearly specifies that for every distinct offence of which any person is accused, there
shall be a separate charge and every such charge shall be tried separately. The exception to the rule is found in the proviso, which empowers the
Magistrate to try too rather all or any number of the charges framed against such person, in a single trial, if the accused person makes an
application in writing, desiring so, and the Magistrate is of the opinion that such person is not likely to be prejudiced thereby.
Section219 of the Code empowers the Magistrate to try an accused for any number of offences, not exceeding three, which are of the same
kind, committed within the space of twelve months from the first to the last of such offences. Section 220 of the Code provides that if, in one series
of acts so connected together as to form the same transaction, more offences than one are committed by same person, he may be charged with,
and tried at one trial for every such offence.
Section 221 of the Code is to the effect that if a single act or series of act is of such a nature that it is doubtful which of several offences the
facts which can be proved will constitute, the accused may by charged with having committed all or any such offences, and any number of such
charges may be tried at once; or he may be charged in the alternative with having committed some of the said offences. Section 222 of the Code
provides that when a person is charged with an offence consisting of several particulars, a combination of only some constitutes a complete minor
offence, and such combination is proved, but the remaining particulars are not proved, he may be convicted of the minor offence though he was not
charged with it. Section 223 of the Code sets out conditions, where persons may be charged and tried together. Thus, section 218 of the Code
clearly lays down that for every distinct offence of which any person is accused, there shall be separate charge and every such charge shall be tried
separately.
I have referred to the other sections with a view to emphasise upon the scheme and object of section 218. This section applies not only to
warrant cases, but also to common cases, though it is not necessary to frame charge in summons cases. The Apex Court has held in Suraj Pal Vs.
The State of Uttar Pradesh, , that infringement of section 218 would constitute illegality as distinct from irregularity. For, the general rule of trial is
that for every distinct offence, there shall be a separate charge and every such charge shall be tried separately except in specified cases referred to
in sections 219,220,221 and 223. Framing of one charge in respect of every distinct offence cannot be considered as a mere irregularity, but the
same has to be construed as an illegality. Thus, misjoinder of charges is a defect in the procedure. A joint trial or a single charge having two
offences not committed in the course of the same transaction is an illegality. The objection to the legality of the trial can be taken at any stage, even
if it was not raised before the trial court or the appellate court. It is open to the accused to raise it at the appellate stage.
Here, the allegation is that the accused had committed distinct and separate offences. He wilfully failed to submit within due time the return of
income for the assessment year 1991-92. This became a distinct and separate offence u/s 276CC. If the offence is made out, lie is liable to be
punished for this wilful failure. The accused, according to the complainant, had failed wilfully to submit the return of income in due time for the
assessment year 1992-93. Thus, the offence committed is distinct and separate and was not committed in the course of the same year, but in the
next year. The accused is liable to be proceeded against for said offence, and if proved, is liable to be proceeded for the same, accordingly, u/s
276CC. Thirdly, the accused is said to have wilfully defaulted to file return of income in time for the assessment year 1993-94. It is an offence
committed not during 1991-92 or 1991 to 1993, but during 1993 -94. It is a distinct offence. It is a separate offence. Though it arises under the
same provision of the Act, it is not in any way related to the other two offences. This offence is also punishable u/s 276CC without reference to the
earlier offences.
I have already pointed out that it is not a case where the accused filed any application u/s 218 for joint trial, nor there is any order to the effect
passed by the Magistrate, holding that he is of the opinion that the accused is not likely to be prejudiced by joint trial. The three offences were
distinct and different and not related to each other and not committed within a space of 12 months from the first offence to the last offence and,
therefore, there cannot be joint trial also. The object of section 218 of the Code is to save the accused from embarrassment and avoid prejudice to
the accused. Therefore, it is essential u/s 218 that there must be specific and distinct charge in respect of every distinct head, as the criminal liability
constituting an offence is the foundation for a conviction and sentence therefor.
It is to be pointed out that separate trial indicates that the evidence recorded in one trial cannot be used in the other. This is not a case which
would fall under any of the exceptional provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code. The Apex Court has held in the decision in Willie (William)
Slaney Vs. The State of Madhya Pradesh, that a joinder of charges would not vitiate the trial unless such misjoinder has occasioned a failure of
justice.
There is only a single charge framed which reads as follows:
That you wilfully and deliberately failed to furnish in due time the return of income for the assessment years 1991-92, 1992-93 and 199394 which
was required to be furnished and sub-section (1) of section 139 and by the notice issued under sections 142(1) and 148 and thereby committed an
offence punishable u/s 276CC of the Income tax Act, 1961 and within my cognizance.
Thus, a single charge is framed in respect of three distinct and different offences. The charge reads that the accused has committed an offence, i.e.,
single offence, it does not say that he has committed offences. Therefore, according to the charge for the failure to furnish return in due time for all
the three years, it was treated as a single offence and single charge is framed. Assuming that the Court treated it only as single offence, how can it
convict on three counts, when the charge itself does not say three counts ?
Let us see how the trial court has proceeded in the matter. The maximum punishment provided for the offence is more than two years.
Therefore, the warrant procedure has to be adopted. In this case, there is no petition filed by the accused, requesting the Court for any joint trial or
for the clubbing of the cases together. The cases have been taken on file by the Magistrate in EOCC Nos. 71 to 73 of 1995. It is seen that the
judgment is rendered in EOCC No. 73 of 1995. The judgment of the trial court does not give any reasons for a joint trial. It simply reads as
follows :
The complainant had filed three complaints against the accused u/s 276CC of the Income Tax Act for wilful failure in filing the returns of income
for the assessment years 1991-92 to 1993-94 in EOCC Nos. 71 and 73 of 1995. At request of both sides, EOCC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 were
clubbed with EOCC No. 73 of 1995 and common evidence has been recorded in EOCC No. 73 of 1995.
The docket sheet in the three cases does not contain any note recording that any such request was made by both sides to have common trial.
There is no separate order, directing the clubbing of these two cases and the holding of joint trial. Needless to point out that there is nothing to
show that the request emanated from the accused. Even assuming that there can be a single trial, it does not follow that there can be single
judgment. On the other hand, the judgment must be common, stating so clearly or there must necessarily be conviction in each case with separate
sentence though the discussion is common. The Magistrate intended to dispose of and did dispose of only CC No. 73 of 1995, is further evident
from the f act that though the complaint relates to 1992-93 and 1993-94, the complaints are not found among the records submitted to this Court,
in connection with the revision. Further, the charge reads the failure to furnish returns in due time for all the three years put together as a single
offence and, therefore, he framed only a single charge without mentioning the counts. Therefore, it is clear that the Court was trying only one
offence and one C.C. only. While so, how it can pass a sentence on these counts and in 3 cases without recording a finding of guilt and conviction
in all the cases separately.
It is to be pointed out that though a single trial can be held, there must be distinct and separate charges for each accounting year or assessment
year. 1 have already pointed out that there is no such distinct and separate charge with reference to each assessment year. Section 218 of the
Code clearly lays down that for every distinct offence, there shall be a different charge. Section 219 which is in the nature of exception would
clearly lay down that if the offence is committed within the space of twelve months from the first to the last of such offences, which are of the same
kind, the Magistrate concerned can try at one trial the offence of the same kind. Here, admittedly, there was only one trial. The offences were not
committed within the same year, but in three different assessment Years. Therefore, section 219 would preclude the Magistrate from resorting to
such procedure of having a single trial.
Above all, there is yet another important circumstance to be pointed out. Three complaints were made against the accused, all of similar
offence, but relating to three different assessment years. The complaints are u/s 276CC. According to the complainant, the accused wilfully and
deliberately failed to file the retuns of income for the assessment years 1991-92, 1992-93 and 1993-94 within due time and in spite of repeated
statutory notices and, therefore, he has committed specific offences and is liable to be proceeded for each offence u/s 276CC.
In fact, the three complaints were taken on file by the Magistrate and assigned three different case numbers, viz- CCs. They were numbered as
CC Nos. 71 to 73 of 1995. Apparently, for the offence committed relating to the failure to furnish return of income within due time for the
assessment year 1991-92, the complaint was taken cognizance in CC No. 71 of 1995. The complaint in respect of failure to furnish income returns
in due time for the year 1992-93 was taken on file as CCNo. 72 of 1995. C.C. No. 73 of 1995 relates to the failure to furnish return of income in
due time in respect of the assessment year 1993-94. Three different and distinct complaints were, thus, laid before the Additional Chief
Metropolitan Magistrate (Economic Off ences-11), against the accused for three distinct offences committed during the years 1991-92, 1992-93
and 1993-94, respectively. The three complaints were taken on file and numbered as CC Nos. 71 to 73 of 1995. The judgment is rendered only
in CC No. 73 of 1995. There is no separate finding or conviction with reference to CC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995. The preamble of the judgment
simply states as follows:
EOCC No. 73 of 1995
(EOCC Nos. 71 and 72/95 clubbed with EOCC No. 73/95)
In the cause-title, in the array of EOCC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 are not mentioned. The operative portion of the judgment also does not make
mention of EOCC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995. There was also no separate questioning of the accused in CC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 with regard to
sentence. The concluding paragraph of the judgment runs thus:
Hence, for the reasons stated above, the accused is found guilty u/s 276CC (3 counts) of the Income Tax Act. The accused was asked u/s
248(2) of Cr. P.C. to state in respect of the sentence that would be passed against him. The accused has stated that lie has nothing to say. Hence,
considering the tax amount for the said assessment years and also considering the nature of the case, 1 sentence the accused to undergo R.I. for 3
months (three counts) and to pay a fine of Rs. 1,000 (Rupees one thousand only) in default to undergo RT for two months for each of the three
counts and the sentence is ordered to run concurrently.
Here, as already pointed out, the offences are distinct and different, each having taken place, according to the complainant in different
assessment years. There is no commission of any offence involving three counts in the same assessment year. Nor there is any such complaint.
Thus, a reading of the judgment of the trial court would only show that there is conviction only in CC No. 73 of 1995 alone, and that conviction is
on three counts. There was a single charge only. The charge relates to ail offence in CC No. 73 of 1995 and is for the offence relating to the
assessment veal- 1993-94. There was no accusation against the accused, stating that he has committed more than one offence in that assessment
year, viz., 1993-94. One other thing to be pointed out is that this judgment does not make mention of CC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 anywhere
except to mention clubbing of CC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 in the preamble. The clubbing referred to is only for the purpose of joint trial. There is
no recording of guilt against the accused, relating to the other two CCs. either finding the accused guilty in respect of that offence covered in that
CC or sentencing him to any punishment with reference to that offence in that particular CCs. Nor was there any questioning with reference to CC
Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 on the question of sentence. In other words, the judgment is rendered only in EOCC No. 73 of 1995. Hence, there is
only one offence concerned in EOCC No. 73 of 1995. The finding of guilt is only wit 11 reference to EOCC No. 73 of 1995, and the sentence
must be regarded as only with regard to the offence committed during the assessment year 1993-94, which was the subject-matter of EOCC No.
73 of 1995. As to what happened to the other two CCs, there is no observation or finding or conclusion in the course of the judgment. It is not
known whether it should be taken that the two CCs are deemed to be pending, or deemed to have been disposed of along with CC No. 73 of
1995. In this connection, it is to be pointed out that the complaints are not marked. The complaints are in the nature of FIR on the basis of which
the penal proceedings are set in motion against the accused. For, it is only on the complaint the endorsement of cognizance and further steps as to
issue of proceedings is made. Not only that, in the records of the lower court, the complaint relating to 1991-92 alone is found. The other
complaints relating to 1992-93 and 199394 are not found. Therefore, there is nothing to show that there were two other complaints and that they
were taken on file and further proceeding was ordered. When it is so, how any conviction can be made for the alleged offences for the years
1992-93 and 1993-94 ?
It is to be pointed out that as a result of this, if it is to be taken that this is a common judgment rendered in all these three CCs. finding the
accused guilt '' v in each of the CCs, then the position is that there is no sepal-ate judgment or finding in CC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995. Nor there is
all '' X complaint relating to those years which can be challenged by the accused. In other words, the accused is placed in such a position that he is
unable to prefer any appeal against CC Nos. 71 and 72 of 1995 as there is no separate finding or judgment. If this is taken as a common
judgment, then definitely by reason of absence of specific findings and conviction and sentence in those CCs, the right of the accused to preferan
appeal in those CCs is, thus, nullified with the result that a prejudice is definitely caused to the accused. If it is taken that it relates as to CC No. 73
of 1995, then finding the accused guilty on three counts is unlawful.
It is also to be pointed out that nowhere in the course of judgment, the Magistrate has observed that the judgment is a common judgment
rendered in all the three cases, and the discussion would dispose of all the three cases. On the other hand, both in the preamble as well as in para
8, he has simply stated that the three cases were clubbed together and common evidence has been recorded. He has neither indicated in the
preamble of the judgment or in the course of discussion or in the course of the operative portion of the judgment that the common judgment is
rendered to dispose of all the three CCs. and the conviction and sentence are in respect of all the three CCs. and would take effect accordingly.
Even as conceding that the discussion and the reasonings can be common, the conviction and sentence must be distinct and separate.
This a very grave error committed by the Magistrate, on account of which, I am of the view that definitely a prejudice has been caused to the
accused. Therefore, in that view of the matter, 1 have to hold that the revision has to be accepted, setting aside the conviction. It is not purely a
question of technicality, but one of prejudice and procedure as well. Further, we have to take into consideration certain circumstances as well. In
respect of the assessment year 1991-92, the tax assessable was less than Rs. 5,000, and in view of the very departmental instructions and
Circular, the complaint ought not have been laid with reference to the said default. Nor the sanction should have been given. The Circulars are
binding upon the Income Tax authorities. The Apex Court has so held in the decision in K.P. Varghese Vs. Income Tax Officer, Ernakulam and
Another, . Moreover, in all the three cases though there was delay, subsequently returns were filed, the same was accepted by the department as
correct and the tax was also remitted. Therefore, strictly speaking, there is no loss caused to the State. Nor there is any ultimate evasion of tax as
such. It is only stated that there is a failure to furnish the return of income in due time which is, thus, technical in nature. When we are ignoring the
fact of acceptance of returns and remittance of tax and rely upon the failure to submit the return in time, which purely is a technical default, equally
the benefit of the mistakes committed in the procedure which is in a way technical in nature should go to the accused.
Therefore, in that view of the matter, I am constrained to hold that for the reasons stated above, as the framing of the charge is defective and
violative of sections 218 and 219 of the Code and as the judgment has been rendered only in a single case and there is no finding of guilt recorded
as regards the two other cases as there is no charge of more than one count relating to the complaint in CC No. 73 of 1995, the error committed
by the trial court is of such grave nature that it has caused prejudice to the accused and, therefore, in that view of the matter, 1 have to hold that the
conviction and sentence passed by the lower court has to be set aside.
In the result, this revision is allowed, setting aside the conviction and sentence passed by the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
(Economic Offences-II) in C.C. No. 73 of 1995 as confirmed by the appellate court in C.A- No. 34 of 1997. Consequently, the accused is
acquitted of the charges. The fine amount, if any paid by the accused, shall be refunded to him. The bail bonds shall stand cancelled.