AI Structured Summary
Not yet generated for this judgment
Judgment
Pakenham Walsh, J.—The legal representative of the 2nd plaintiff in the suit is the appellant in this Court. Under Ex. B, dated June 26,
1919, the 2nd plaintiff got a melcharth of the suit property from the first plaintiff the sthani. The previous demisee who was the 1st defendant, had a
kanom which did not expire till 1922. The 1st plaintiff (the sthani) and the 2nd plaintiff waited till the expiry of the [previous demise, and then
instituted a suit for redemption. The 1st defendant transferred his rights to the 2nd defendant, who is now the principal contesting defendant and he
impugned the validity of the melcharth and in the alternative claimed reclamation expenses in case the melcharth be found good. During the
pendency of the suit, the 1st plaintiff died and the 15th defendant came on the record as his legal representative. He did not prosecute the suit but
contented himself with appearing as a defendant and disputed the validity of the melcharth Ex. B, and he further executed a renewal in favour of the
2nd defendant. During the pendency of the appeal the 15th defendant died and his legal representative came on the record as 20th respondent. He
supported the appellant and impugned the kanom granted by the 15th defendant to the 2nd defendant. The Court of first instance held that the
melcharth having been granted before the expiry of the existing demise was void and dismissed the suit and the lower Appellate Court took the
same view. The 2nd plaintiff''s legal representative has preferred the present appeal.
There had been conflicting decisions in this Court as to whether a melcharth granted before the expiry of an already subsisting demise was void
in law. An unreported decision in S.A. No. 774 of 1917 was relied on by the 2nd plaintiff. In that case it was held that where the grantor lived
after the expiry of the subsisting demise, the subsequent demise could not be impugned merely on the ground that it was made before the subsisting
demise had expired. But in N.P.T. Cheria Kunhammad and Another Vs. Kunhinni alias Kizhakkayil Nair and Another, a Bench of this Court took
the opposite view and held that a melcharth granted before the expiry of an existing demise was not good in law except for absolute necessity. In
the present case there is a finding that there was no necessity for the melcharth Ex. B, and that finding of fact is not contested. Another unreported
decision in S.A. No. 1147 of 1917 approved of the decision in S.A. No. 774 of 1917. These were both cases of a sthani granting a melcharth
before the expiry of the time. The matter has since been set at rest by the Full Bench decision in Trivikrama Konuraya Vs. Sankaranarayana
Vazhunnavar and Others, . From this decision it is clear that where a karnavan grants a melcharth, which is not otherwise improper, before the
termination of an existing demise, that is not void per se, though it may be avoided by his successor if the latter is in office at the time of the expiry
of the previous demise. It is not necessary for the purposes of the present case to go into the grounds on which the successor could avoid the
melcharth because it is abundantly evident from that case that if the grantor is alive at the time when the previous demise expires, he and he only is
the person who is entitled to avoid it, if it is in other respects a proper lease. The present case is much stronger than the Full Bench case, because
there the karnavan who granted the second lease and who survived the expiry of the earlier lease for some months took no action one way or the
other either to confirm or disown it. Anantakrishna Ayyar, J., who wrote the leading judgment, says at pages 751 and 752:
As the transaction entered into by him is prima facie binding upon him, the argument that after the expiry of the term of the prior lease he (the
executant) should indicate, by some formal act of his, that he proposes to stand by the same, is too technical even if there is any force in it. When
the question of its binding nature is raised subsequent to the executant''s death by the succeeding karnavan, the circumstance that the executant--
karnavan--was alive when the term of the prior demise expired, and could have on that date executed a document in similar terms against which
nothing could be urged, is a very material point for consideration in the absence of other circumstances. Ordinarily a document being binding on the
executant thereof, no further act of his would be necessary to affirm it; it is only when he wishes to disaffirm it (in cases where he could do so) that
he should indicate by an overt act, his disavowal,
Here the executant of Ex. B has joined the second plaintiff in filing the suit upon the melcharth. As Reilly, J. says:
If the karnavan who granted the lease prematurely is still in office when the previous term expires, no one but he has the option to avoid his grant.
The learned Judges of the Full Bench have discussed both N.P.T. Cheria Kunhammad and Another Vs. Kunhinni alias Kizhakkayil Nair and
Another, and this matter has by this judgment been set at rest. The learned Advocate for the respondents sought to get over the Full Bench
judgment in this way: He says that one of the issues raised in the suit, Issue, No. 1, is ""Is the melkanom supported by consideration? Is it valid and
binding upon the defendants?"" and that on this issue the Court of first instance finds that it is not proved that Ex. B was for consideration. He
argues that the 15th defendant as a member of the sthanam was entitled to object to the melcharth on that ground. I may observe that while the trial
Court has said something in para. 21 as to the evidence of necessity, it suddenly brings in its decision about consideration without any discussion of
the grounds on which that conclusion is reached. The only portion of the judgment which deals with the matter runs as follows:
Whether the motive of first plaintiff was to make money for himself or to oblige 10th defendant, it is not necessary to go into, the evidence as to
necessity adduced is unsatisfactory, improbable and mutually contradicting. The plaintiff''s witnesses themselves destroy the the case and I must
hold that it is not proved that Ex. B was supported by consideration and was executed for sthanam necessity--on the only case put forward in
evidence by the second plaintiff.
I can find nowhere in the judgment any discussion about the question of consideration: in the Subordinate Judge''s judgment there is not a word
about consideration, but the question of necessity is discussed. However, the argument adduced is to my mind fallacious. The 15th defendant was
not a party to the original suit as framed and as mentioned above, in the suit the first plaintiff supported the second plaintiff and the melcharth, and
according to the Full Bench decision, if the lease was otherwise proper, he was the only person who was entitled to avoid it, he being the sthani
alive at the time when the previous demise expired. On his death during the trial the 15th defendant came in as his legal representative and it is clear
that he came in in no other capacity whatever. He did not come in as a general member of the sthanam. That being so, he was not at liberty to
depart from or contradict the position taken up by that person in the suit whose legal representative he was. If he had any independent right as a
member of the sthanam under which he could impeach the melcharth as being an improper one, then he should have asked to come in in that
capacity, either with or without assuming the capacity of legal representative of the first plaintiff. A party who comes into the suit as the legal
representative of another party cannot be allowed to depart from or vary or contradict the attitude taken up by the party whose legal
representative he is; it is obvious that if he were permitted to do so, it would be impossible to conduct any litigation where legal representatives
come in. The present case affords an excellent illustration where two successive legal representatives of a party (first plaintiff) have sought to take
up positions directly contradictory to that of their predecessor-in-law. If that is allowed who can know what the first plaintiff''s case is? Therefore
the 15th defendant was not at liberty as the legal representative of the first plaintiff in the suit to depart from the position of the first plaintiff. It is not
disputed that the lessee cannot question the validity of the melcharth granted by his lessor. The learned Subordinate Judge has sought to get over
this difficulty by saying that the 15th defendant passed his right to question the validity of the melcharth to second defendant by granting a melcharth
to the second defendant. As I have pointed out, the only capacity in which the 15th defendant could have objected to the melcharth Ex. B would
have been as an ordinary member of the sthanam. I am extremely doubtful whether that right which inhered in him personally could possibly be
passed on to a stranger. It is sufficient to say, as I have remarked above, that he was not a party to the suit in his capacity as a member of the
sthanam. He came on the record as the legal representative of the first plaintiff the sthani and therefore could not object to the lease in that
capacity. Seeing that he was not at liberty to depart from the position of the first plaintiff in the suit, still less could he pass on the power of
objecting to it to the second defendant.
In the result, the second appeal is allowed with costs throughout and the case remanded to the lower Appellate Court for disposal on the other
issues, which remain still undisposed, including the question of the value of improvements.
[The case having been set down to be spoken to this day, the Court made the following
Order
Court-fee stamp paid on appeal to be refunded.]