LT. COL. VIJAYNATH JHA vs UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS

ASHOK BHUSHAN, J.

We have heard the appellant appearing in-person and Shri Sandeep Sethi, learned Additional Solicitor General for India.

2.This appeal has been filed by the appellant questioning the judgment and order dated 23.08.2012 passed by the Armed Forces Tribunal, Regional

Bench, Lucknow by which O.A.No.104 of 2011 filed by the appellant has been rejected as not maintainable and returned to the appellant with liberty

to file the same before the concerned authority.

3.Brief facts of the case necessary to be noted for deciding the issues raised in the appeal are:

The appellant was commissioned in the Indian Army on 11.03.1989 in the Engineering Discipline. The appellant was subsequently selected and

inducted in the Directorate General of Quality Assurance (DGQA) from 31.05.2004. On completion of two years the appellant was transferred to the

Directorate of Indigenization under DGEME. Quality Assurance Selection Board (QASB) was held at DGQA organisation for selection of the

officers of the rank of Lt. Col. and Major for permanent secondment. The appellant was not found fit for permanent secondment by the QASB. The

appellant filed a statutory complaint seeking permanent secondment in the DGQA. The complaint was submitted at the time when the appellant was

working in the Army. The complaint was forwarded to the Ministry of Defence. Since, the complaint pertained to DGQA organisation, the

Government of India, Ministry of Defence, Department of Defence Production by order dated  17.12.2007 rejected the statutory complaint of the

appellant. O.A. No.104 of 2011 was filed by the appellant before the Armed Forces Tribunal, Regional Bench, Lucknow praying for quashing the

order dated 17.12.2007 and issuing a direction to the respondent to grant permanent secondment to the DGQA organisation with all consequential

benefits retrospectively.

4.A counter-affidavit was filed in O.A. by the respondent. When the O.A. was taken for hearing by the Armed Forces Tribunal on 23.08.2012 a

preliminary objection was raised by the respondent that the relief claimed by the applicant in the O.A. is not maintainable in the Armed Forces

Tribunal. The Armed Forces Tribunal heard the parties on the above preliminary objection and vide order dated 23.08.2012 held that O.A. is not

maintainable. It is useful to extract paragraph 16 of the judgment which is to the following effect:

16.The applicant's main grievance is that he was not considered for permanent seconded, DGQA organisation and we find no breach in the Army

Act and the Army Rules and it is a separate organisation with the guideline for induction, appointment and promotion and Service HQ has no role in

grant of second tenure of (sic) permanent secondment of any officer under the Army Act. The terms and condition of the service officers in DGQA

is not creation of the Army Act or the Army Rules and the Armed Forces Tribunal is not the right forum for adjudication of DGQA matters. Hence

the Original Application is not maintainable and is returned to the applicant with the liberty to file the same before the concerned authority.â€​

5.A miscellaneous application was filed by the applicant before the Tribunal seeking leave to appeal to this Court which application was rejected on

11.09.2012. This appeal has been filed challenging the order dated 23.08.2012 and order dated 11.09.2012.

6.A counter-affidavit has been filed in this appeal by the respondent reiterating their objection that the relief which was claimed by the appellant in

O.A. was not maintainable before the Armed Forces Tribunal.

7.The appellant appearing in-person submits that in DGQA Officers are drawn from Armed Forces on tenure posting and thereafter their cases are

considered for permanent secondment as per the Office Memorandum dated 28.10.1978 and Office Memorandum dated 22.12.1993. The DGQA

is an organisation within the control of Ministry of Defence and is composed of persons subject to Army Act, 1950 including civilian persons thus the

Armed Forces Tribunal will have the jurisdiction to decide the matter relating to DGQA. Relying on Section 3(o)(iv) of the Armed Forces Tribunal

Act, 2007, the appellant submits that his case is squarely covered by the said provision. The appellant who is subject to Army Act, 1950 being a

commissioned officer of Indian Army can very well approach the Armed Forces Tribunal. Reliance on judgment of Chandigarh Bench of Armed

Forces Tribunal in the case of Brig.A.K. Bhutani vs. Union of India decided on 19.04.2011 has been placed. The appellant has also relied on the

provisions of Sections 27 and 33 of the Army Act, 1950 to support his submission.

8.Shri Sandeep Sethi, learned Additional Solicitor General submits that the claim raised by the appellant before the Armed Forces Tribunal is not

covered by the definition of the service matter as defined in Section 3(o) of the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007. He submits that denial of

permanent secondment was made by DGQA Selection Board. No order was passed against the appellant under the Army Act or the Army Rules

against which the appellant could have made a complaint before the Armed Forces Tribunal. Learned counsel for the respondent has placed

reliance on the judgment of this Court in Union of India and others vs. Colonel G.S. Grewal, 2014 (7) SCC 303 and on another judgment of this Court

in Mohammed Ansari vs. Union of India and others, 2017 (3) SCC 740. He submits that service matters with regard to which Armed Forces Tribunal

has jurisdiction are service matters of Army personnel which have been dealt under the Army Act, Army Rules and Regulations framed therein.Â

The action which was impugned before the Tribunal by the appellant was not any action of the Army which could have been complained before the

Armed Forces Tribunal. He has further submitted that Armed Forces Tribunal has rightly rejected the O.A. of the appellant as not maintainable.

9.We have considered the submissions of the parties and perused the records.

10.The only question which needs to be answered is as to whether the Original Application filed by the appellant was maintainable before the Armed

Forces Tribunal?

11.The main relief, which was asked by the appellant before the Armed Forces Tribunal was to quash and set aside the order dated 17.12.2007 by

which the complaint of the appellant was rejected by Central Government. The appellant had prayed for a direction to the respondents to grant

permanent secondment in the DGQA Organization with all the consequential benefits retrospectively. The Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) has

rejected the application of the appellant holding that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the application. The Tribunal in Para 16 of the judgment has held

that there is no breach of Army Act and the Army Rules and the Service HQ had no role in grant of second tenure of permanent secondment of any

Army Officer in the DGQA Organisation. Further, the terms and conditions of the Service Officers in DGQA is not creation of the Army Act or

the Army Rules.

12.The provisions of the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 have to be looked into to find out as to whether the Tribunal has committed any error in

refusing to entertain the application of the appellant. The Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 has been enacted to provide for the adjudication or trial

by Armed Forces Tribunal of disputes and complaints with respect to commission, appointments, enrolment and conditions of service in respect of

persons subject to the Army Act, 1950, the Navy Act, 1957 and the Air Force Act, 1950. Section 2 deals with the applicability of the Act, which is

to the following Act:-

“2.Applicability of the Act : (1) The provisions of this Act shall apply to all persons subject to the Army Act, 1950, the Navy Act, 1957 and the Air

Force Act, 1950.

(2) This Act shall also apply to retired personnel subject to the Army Act, 1950 or the Navy Act, 1957 or the Air Force Act, 1950, including their

dependants, heirs and successors, in so far as it relates to their service matters.â€​

13.Section 3 is a definition section. Section 3(o) defines “service mattersâ€​, which is to the following effect:-

“3(o)“service mattersâ€, in relation to the persons subject to the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950) the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957) and the Air

Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950) mean all matters relating to the conditions of their service and shall includeâ€

(i).remuneration (including allowances), pension and other retirement benefits;

(ii)tenure, including commission, appointment, enrolment, probation, confirmation, seniority, training, promotion, reversion, premature retirement,

superannuation, termination of service and penal deductions;

(iii)summary disposal and trials where the punishment of dismissal is awarded;

(iv)any other matter, whatsoever, but shall not include matters relating toâ€" (i)orders issued under section 18 of the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950)

subsection (1) of section 15 of the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957) and section 18 of the Air Force Act, 1950; (45 of 1950) and

(ii)transfers and postings including the change of place or unit on posting whether individually or as a part of unit, formation or ship in relation to the

persons subject to the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950) the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957) and the Air Force Act,

1950 (45 of 1950);

(iii)leave of any kind;

(iv)summary court martial except where the punishment is of dismissal or imprisonment for more than three months;â€​

14.The provision excludes certain matters. The present case is not covered by excluded categories, hence that part of the provision is not relevant

for the present case. The definition of service matters is an inclusive definition. A look into the enumerations as contained in Section 3(o) indicates

that they all relate to matters relating to the conditions of the service of persons subject to the Army Act, 1950, the Navy Act, 1957 and the Air Force

Act, 1950. Last enumeration, i.e., (iv) is “any other matter whatsoeverâ€, at first blush; it appears that the said enumeration is very wide

which may cover all other residual categories. But, the phrase “any other matter whatsoever†is to take colour from the other three

enumerations and the main provision of Section 3(o). The pre-condition of a matter to be a service mater has to be relating to the conditions of their

service. Thus, for a matter to be treated as a service matter, it must relate to the conditions of their service.

15.From the facts as noted above, it is clear that the appellant was given a tenure of two years in DGQA in accordance with the guidelines issued by

the Ministry of Defence, Department of Defence Production, as noticed above. After completion of tenure of two years, the appellant returned

back to the Army. On 06.06.2007, the appellant’s claim for permanent secondment in the DGQA was considered by the QASB, wherein he

was not found fit for the permanent secondment by the QASB, with regard to which a complaint was filed, which was rejected by the Ministry.Â

DGQA is an Organisation functioning under the Ministry of Defence, Department of Defence Production and the question of permanent secondment

of an Army Officer was considered by the Selection Board of DGQA. The decision not to grant permanent secondment to the appellant in DGQA

does not in any manner affect the service conditions of the appellant as Commissioned Officer. The Tribunal has placed reliance on a judgment of

the Principal Bench of the Armed Forces Tribunal in T.A. No. 125 of 2010, Maj. General S.B. Akali Etc. Etc. Vs. Union of India & Ors. In the above

case, the question of selection of the applicant in Defence Research and Development Organisation was under consideration. The objection was

raised that the AFT has no jurisdiction to entertain the claim. The Principal Bench of the Armed Forces Tribunal, speaking through Justice A.K.

Mathur, Chairperson (as he then was), in Paragraphs 12, 13, 14 and 15 has held:-

“12.We have bestowed our best of consideration and we are of the opinion that as per Section 2 read with Section 3(o) of the Armed Forces

Tribunal Act, 2007, this Tribunal has limited jurisdiction to deal with the service conditions of the Army Act and Rules, but, the present case, which

relates to non-selection of the petitioner by the DRDO for the rank of Lt. General and it is not supersession under the Army Act or Rules, it is under

the DRDO Rules of the Office Memorandum dated 23rd November, 1989. As such, this Tribunal cannot sit over the selection by DRDO to decide

the issue whether petitioner has been correctly superseded or not, since the service conditions of the seconded officers under the DRDO is regulated

by Office Memorandum dated 23rd November, 1979 and it is not under the Army Act and Rules. Therefore, this Tribunal will have no jurisdiction to

decide this case of supersession of petitioner for promotion to the rank of Lt. General.

13.In this view of the matter, weuphold the preliminary objection of the learned Counsel for the respondent and direct the Principal Registrar to remit

this case back to Hon'ble Delhi High Court to decide the matter in accordance with law.

14.On the same lines is the case ofBrig PJS Rangar & Brig Anand Solanki (TA No. 221 of 2010). In this case the incumbents were permanently

seconded to Director General of Quality Assurance. It is also governed by OM dated 28th October, 1978, as amended from time to time. In this case

also the petitioners prayer is to quash the OM dated 18th February, 2008, letter dated 15th May, 2008 and empanelment order dated 16th June, 2008

and direct the respondents to give effect to the empanelment order dated 31st January, 2008 and promote them to the rank of Major General in

accordance with their seniority in the panel.

15.The service conditions are governedby the OM dated 28th October, 1978 and the non-selection of the petitioners are by Director General Quality

Assurance of Ministry of Defence. There is no breach of any service conditions under the Army Act and Rules. The non-selection of the petitioner is

on account of the service conditions as mentioned in OM dated 28th October, 1978, as amended from time to time. Therefore, the objection raised by

the learned Counsel for the respondent, in this case is also upheld and consequently it is held that this Tribunal has no jurisdiction to interfere in this

matter and direct the Principal Registrar to remit this case back to Hon'ble Delhi High Court to decide the matter in accordance with law.â€​

16.The above judgment has been referred to and relied by the Tribunal.Â

17.In the case of Union of India & Ors. Vs. Colonel G.S. Grewal, (2014) 7 SCC 303, the same question relating lack of jurisdiction of AFT came for

consideration. The facts have been noticed in Paragraph 3 of the judgment, which are quoted as below:-

“3.The respondent joined the Indian Army as a Major. Indubitably, in that capacity he was subject to the discipline of the Army Act, 1950. It is a

normal practice that the personnel belonging to the Armed Forces, namely, Army, Air Force or Naval Force, are seconded to the other offices under

the Ministry of Defence, which include Department of Defence Production, Department of Defence Research and Development and Department of

ExServicemen Welfare. We are concerned here with the Department of Defence Production, which has Director General of Quality Assurances

(“DGQAâ€, for short) as well as Defence Public Sector Undertaking (DPSU). The respondent was seconded to DGQA on 6-11-2004 in the rank

of Major. At that time, it was temporary secondment.â€​

18.A policy decision was taken, which adversely affected the respondent’s claim for further promotion in DGQA. He challenged the policy

decision and consequently the order. Before the Tribunal, the judgment of Principal Bench in Maj. General S.B. Akali Etc. Etc. (supra) was relied

on, which was brushed aside by the Tribunal. The Tribunal decided to entertain the application, however, observed that the same will not be treated

as a precedent. The Union of India, aggrieved by the said order of the Tribunal has approached the Supreme Court. This Court considered the

matter in the aforesaid light and set aside the order of the AFT and remitted the matter. This Court held that it was required to be examined as to

whether the relief claimed was entirely within the domain of the DGQA or for that matter, the Ministry of Defence or it can still be treated as Service

Matter Under Section 3(o).

Following was held in Para 26:-

“26.No doubt, it is open to Mr Bhati to refer to the statutory provisions in the AFT Act or even the Army Act in support of his submission. But

many other documents of which the learned counsel is relying upon were not part of the record before the Tribunal. Secondly, as already pointed out

above, no such aspects are considered either by the Chandigarh Bench in the impugned judgment or by the Principal Bench in Major General S.B.

Akali case1. We may point out that merely because the respondent is subject to the Army Act would not by itself be sufficient to conclude that the

Tribunal has the jurisdiction to deal with any case brought before it by such a person. It would depend upon the subject-matter which is brought before

the Tribunal and the Tribunal is also required to determine as to whether such a subjectmatter falls within the definition of “service mattersâ€, as

contained in Section 3(o) of the AFT Act. In Major General S.B. Akali case1, the Principal Bench primarily went by this consideration. The subject-

matter was promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General and this promotion was governed by the Rules contained in the Policy of DRDO and not

under the Army Act. Therefore, in the instant case, it is required to be examined as to whether the relief claimed is entirely within the domain of

DGQA or for that matter, the Ministry of Defence or it can still be treated as “service matter†under Section 3(o) of the AFT Act and two

aspects are intertwined and inextricably mixed with each other. Such an exercise is to be taken on the basis of documents produced by both the sides.

That has not been done. For this reason, we deem it proper to remit the case back to the Tribunal to decide the question of jurisdiction keeping in view

these parameters.â€​

19.Although in the above case, this court did not decide finally as to whether the claim of respondent G.S. Grewal in the said case could be entertained

by AFT or not. The Court remitted the matter to consider as to whether the claim is entirely within the domain of the DGQA.  Thus, the

jurisdiction of AFT in a case where a person claims permanent secondment in DGQA, the nature of relief and the action challenged have to be looked

into for answering the question. A subsequent judgment of this Court in the case of Mohammed Ansari Vs. Union of India & Ors., (2017) 3 SCC

740, is also relevant in this context. In this case, the appellant was appointed as an Assistant Executive Engineer in Border Roads Engineering

Service (BRES). The appellant was not granted non-functional financial upgradation for officers of Organised Group A. He made representation

to the concerned authorities, which was turned down. Thereafter, he filed Original Application No. 102 of 2012 before the Central Administrative

Tribunal. The Tribunal decided the issue of jurisdiction in favour of the appellant, which was opposed. The Tribunal held that it has jurisdiction to

entertain the claim of the appellant. Aggrieved by the said order of the Tribunal, Union of India filed a Writ Petition for quashment of the order of the

Tribunal. The High Court framed the question as to whether a member of the GREF can be regarded as member of Armed Forces. The High

Court after referring to Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 and Central Civil Services (Control, Classification and Appeal) Rules, 1965 held that the

Central Administrative Tribunal had no jurisdiction and only remedy was to file an application under Article 226. The appellant challenging the order of

the High Court came up before this Court. In the above context, this Court also examined the question as to whether after coming into the force of

the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007, it shall be the Armed Forces Tribunal which shall deal with the controversy or the High Court has jurisdiction

Under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The judgment of this Court in Union of India & Ors. Vs. Colonel G.S. Grewal, (supra) was extensively

quoted by this Court and after quoting Paragraph 26 of the judgment, following was stated in Para 29:-Â

“29.Thus, the Court in G.S. Grewal case clearly held that merely because the respondent is subjected to the 1950 Act would not by itself be

sufficient to conclude that the Tribunal had jurisdiction to deal with any case brought before it by such a person. It would depend upon the subject-

matter which is brought before the Tribunal and the Tribunal is also required to determine as to whether such a subjectmatter falls within the definition

of “service matterâ€​ as contained in Section 3(o) of the 2007 Act.

20.This Court further laid down in Paragraphs 33 and 34:-

“33.The situation insofar as jurisdiction of the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) to hear the appeals arising out of court martial verdicts qua GREF

personnel, however, appears to stand on a different footing. It is because the provisions of Chapter VI i.e. offences, Chapter VII i.e. punishment,

Chapter X i.e. “courts martialâ€, etc. apply with full force, subject to minor exceptions and modifications here and there, as applied to GREF.

Therefore, the provisions of the 1950 Act dealing with various punishments inflicted by way of courts martial qua GREF personnel as applied can be

agitated before AFT and AFT shall have jurisdiction to hear appeals arising out of courts martial verdicts. There can be no doubt that in respect of

said matters AFT shall have jurisdiction. Denial of jurisdiction to the said Tribunal would be contrary to the 1950 Act and the provisions engrafted

under the 2007 Act. To elaborate, right to approach AFT by the personnel of GREF who are tried by a court martial held under the very same Act

has to be recognised. At the same time, if the punishment is imposed on GREF personnel by way of departmental proceedings held under the CCS

(CCA) Rules, 1965 then obviously the same cannot be agitated before AFT since the penalty in such cases will not be one under the 1950 Act but will

be under the CCS (CCA) Rules, 1965. The distinction, as the law exists in the present, has to be done.

34.From the aforesaid, the legal position that emerges is that AFT shall have jurisdiction (i) to hear appeals arising out of courts martial verdicts qua

GREF personnel. To this extent alone AFT shall have jurisdiction. At the same time, if the punishment is imposed on GREF personnel by way of

departmental proceedings held under the CCS (CCA) Rules, 1965 the same cannot be agitated before AFT; and (ii) AFT shall have no jurisdiction to

hear and decide grievances of GREF personnel relating to their terms and conditions of service or alternatively put “service mattersâ€​.

21.This Court in the above case has clearly held that AFT can exercise jurisdiction if the action, which is complained flow from the Army Act, 1950,

the example of court martial verdict was given to which the personnel of GREF were subject. This Court further held that in event, the personnel of

GREF had been administratively dealt with in the departmental proceedings held under the CCS(CCA) Rules, the same cannot be agitated before the

AFT.

22.Coming back to the facts of the present case, the action, which is impugned before the AFT was the refusal of permanent secondment of the

appellant in DGQA by QASB. For permanent secondment of a Commission Officer, there were orders issued by the Ministry of Defence, which

regulated the permanent secondment, i.e. Government Order dated 28.10.1978, as amended from time to time and the Government of India O.M.

dated 22.12.1993. Non-selection of the appellant which was impugned in the application was by a different organisation, i.e., by QASB of DGQA.

23.We thus are of the view that action impugned before the Tribunal cannot be held to be service matter within the meaning of Section 3(o) of the

Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007.

24.The appellant, who has appeared in-person has further relied on two provisions na mely, Section 27 and Section 33 of the Army Act, 1950, which

are extracted as below:-

“27.Remedy of aggrieved officers.-- Any officer who deems himself wronged by his commanding officer or any superior officer and who on due

application made to his commanding officer does not receive the redress to which he considers himself entitled, may complain to the Central

Government in such manner as may from time to time be specified by the proper authority.

33.Saving of rights and privileges under laws.-- The rights and privileges specified in the preceding sections of this Chapter shall be in addition to, and

not in derogation of, any other rights and privileges conferred on persons subject to this Act or on members of the regular Army, Navy and Air Force

generally by any other law for the time being in force.â€​

25.Section 27 provides a remedy to aggrieved officers to submit a complaint to the Central Government, if he has been wronged by a commanding

officer or any superior officer. Present is not a case where any action of commanding officer or any superior officer of appellant was complained

or questioned. Thus Section 27 has no application.

26.Coming to Section 33 of the Act, which provides for “saving of rights and privileges under other lawsâ€. The said provision indicates that the

provision saves the rights and privileges conferred on persons subject to Army Act, by any other law for the time being in force.â€Â Few examples

of such privileges are as under:-

“(a)All Govt. pensions (including military persons) are immune from attachment in the execution of the decrees of civil courts; s. 11 of pensions

Act 1871, proviso (g) to s. 60 of Code of Civil Procedure 1908.

(b)Receipts for pay or allowances ofNCOs, or Sepoys when serving in such capacity need not be stamped; Indian Stamp Act, schedule 1.

(c)All officers, JCOs, WOs and OR ofthe regular Army on duty or on the march as well as their authorized followers, families, horses, baggage and

transport are exempt from all tolls except certain tolls for the transit of barges etc. along canals; s. 3 of Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force ) Act

1901.â€​

27.The above provision has no application in facts of the present case. Present is not a case where the appellant is claiming any privilege conferred

on persons subject to Army Act or by any other law in force. Section 33, thus, has no application.

28.In view of the aforesaid discussion, we are of the view that the Tribunal committed no error in holding that the application filed by the appellant

was not maintainable before the AFT. AFT has returned the application of the applicant to take proceeding before competent authorities. In

result, the appeal is dismissed.    Â