MOHAR SAI vs GAYATRI DEVI

A.M. Khanwilkar, J.

1.This appeal, by special leave, emanates from the judgment and order dated 1st April, 2015 passed by the High Court of Chhattisgarh at

Bilaspur in Misc. Appeal (C) No.1100 of 2011, partly allowing the appeal filed by the appellants herein (owner and driver of the offending

vehicle) against the award passed by the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Koriya, Baikunthpur, Chhatisgarh (hereinafter referred to as

“the Tribunalâ€), in Claim Case No.22/2008 dated 21st September, 2011, on the finding that the deceased was liable for contributory

negligence to the extent of 50% and as such, after deducting 50% of the compensation amount, the respondents/claimants would be

entitled to a sum of Rs.3,86,500/Â along with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date

of realization.

2.Briefly stated, the respondents claiming to be the heirs and legal representatives of the deceased Krishna Kumar Sahu alias Tipu Sahu,

son of Dashrath Sahu, filed a claim petition before the Tribunal under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for short “the

Actâ€) for compensation, amounting to Rs.20,21,000/ on account of the death of Krishna KumarS ahu in a motor accident which

occurred on 14th November,2006. Respondent No.1 is the widow of deceased Krishna Kumar Sahu. Respondent Nos.2 to 4 are the

minor children of the deceased and respondent Nos. 5 & 6 are the parents of the deceased. They asserted that when Krishna Kumar was

in his Pan Shop near the bus stand of Village Kathghor, appellant No.2 Prem Lal Rajawade came to his shop on his motorcycle bearing

registration No. CG 16C/5171 with a friend, NarendraP anika, at around 1.00 P.M. and cajoled Krishna Kumar to accompany him to

Village Belia. All the three left for Village Belia on the motorcycle. While returning back from Belia, when they reached Khaad Naala, the

motorcycle skidded due to high speed as the driver lost control over it. Consequently, all the three persons travelling on the motorcycle

were injured. The motorcycle was driven by Prem Lal all along. They were given first aid at Government Hospital, Sonhat and then

referred to Charcha Regional Hospital for further treatment. Krishna Kumar died enÂ​route to Charcha Hospital. In this background, the

claim petition was filed, which was resisted by the appellants.

3.Admittedly, appellant No.1 is the owner of the offending vehicle and appellant No.2 is the son of appellant No.1 who went along with

the deceased on the offending motorcycle on the date of accident. According to the appellants, however, the motorcycle was being driven

by Krishna Kumar and not appellant No.2, as alleged, when the accident took place. Appellant No.2 was sitting in the middle and

Narendra Panika was sitting at the back, as pillion riders. Krishna Kumar was driving the motorcycle rashly and at a high speed. He was

told to slow down but he did not pay any heed to it and eventually the accident was caused. In other words, the deceased Krishna Kumar

was himself responsible for the accident.

4.In light of the competing claims of the parties, the Tribunal framed four issues and finally answered the claim petition in favour of the

claimants. The Tribunal accepted the plea of the claimants that the offending vehicle (motorcycle) was driven by Prem Lal (appellant

No.2) at the relevant time and had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving. The Tribunal then determined the quantum of

compensation amount on the basis of monthly income of the deceased estimated at Rs.3,000/Â and applied multiplier of 15. Besides, the

Tribunal awarded lump sum amount of Rs.25,000/Â​ towards funeral expenses, loss of love and affection due to the death of the deceased.

The Tribunal determined the compensation amount at Rs.3,85,000/Â to be paid with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum from the date

of filing of the claim petition until its realization. The appellants assailed the said decision of the Tribunal by way of First Appeal before the

High Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur.

5.The High Court reversed the finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal that the offending vehicle (motorcycle) was driven by Prem Lal

(appellant No.2) at the relevant time and instead found that the deceased himself was driving the motorcycle and had caused the

accident. On that finding, the High Court proceeded to hold that being a case of contributory negligence, the claimants would be entitled

to only 50% of the compensation amount to be determined by it. With regard to the quantum of compensation amount, the High Court

opined that the Tribunal failed to provide for addition of 50% to the actual income of the deceased towards future prospects and also

deduction of 1/4th of the income, instead of 1/3rd.Further, the amount awarded towards funeral expenses and loss of consortium for the

wife and loss of love and affection towards the children and parents, was enhanced to Rs.50,000/Â. On that basis, the High Court opined

that the total compensation amount payable would have been Rs.7,73,000/Â, but after deduction of 50% of that amount towards

contributory negligence, the amount actually payable to the respondents â€" claimants would work out to Rs.3,86,500/Â​ with interest at the

rate of 7.5% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of realization. This decision is the subject matter of the

present appeal at the instance of the appellants (owner/driver of the motorcycle).

6.The foremost contention in this appeal is that the High Court having concluded that appellant No.2 was not driving the motorcycle at the

relevant time and applying the exposition in the case of A. Sridhar Vs. United India Insurance Company Limited andA nr., the claimants

at best would be entitled to compensation on ‘no fault liability principle’ under Section 140 of the Act, for it was a case of accident

not because of fault of owner of the vehicle or because of the fault of any other vehicle. It is urged that no liability can be fastened on the

appellants for the negligence of the deceased, much less on the pillion riders. It is also urged that the appellants come from a very humble

background and are engaged in ordinary agricultural labour work. They will not be in a position to pay any compensation amount, if

awarded. It is also contended that there was no relationship of master and servant, principal/employer and employee between the

deceased and the appellants which alone could have been the basis for awarding compensation, much less fasten liability on the appellants

to pay such amount on the principle of vicarious liability. It is submitted by the appellants that the High Court’s decision of fastening

the liability on the appellants of Rs.3,86,500/Â, with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum, deserves to be set aside and the appellants

ought to be absolved from any liability. Alternatively, it is submitted that the compensation amount be determined under Section 140 of the

Act and not under Section 166 of the Act.

7.Although notice has been served on the respondents, no appearance has been entered on their behalf. As a result, the hearing of this

appeal had to proceed exÂ​parte against them. We have heard Ms. Sumita Hazarika, learned counsel for the appellants, at length.

8.The appellants may be right in contending that in cases where the accident occurs without any fault of the owner of the vehicle or the

fault of the other vehicle, the liability to pay compensation, at best, must be determined in terms of Section 140 of the Act as has been held

in A. Sridhar (supra). It is true that the High Court in the present case has overturned the finding recorded by the Tribunal that the

motorcycle was driven by appellant No.2 at the relevant time when the accident occurred and, instead, concluded that the motorcycle

was, in fact, driven by deceased Krishna Kumar. In that sense, the accident occurred neither due to the fault of the owner of the vehicle

(appellant No.1) who, admittedly, was not present or travelling on the motorcycle at the relevant time nor due to the fault of any other

vehicle. However, on a deeper scrutiny of the materials on record, we are of the opinion that the High Court committed manifest error, an

error apparent on the face of the record, in reversing the finding recorded by the Tribunal that the motorcycle was being driven by

appellant No.2 (son of appellant No.1 â€" owner of the motorcycle) and had caused accident due to rash and negligent driving. We are

conscious of the fact that the respondents â€" claimants have neither come up in cross appeal against the reduction of the compensation

amount on the finding of contributory negligence nor have they filed any cross objection regarding reversing of the crucial finding of fact

by the High Court. However, it is well settled that in motor accident claim cases, the Court cannot adopt a hyperÂ​technical approach but

has to discharge the role of parens patriae. This appeal being continuation of the claim petition albeit at the instance of the owner

(appellant No.1)/alleged driver of the vehicle (appellant No.2), we consider it appropriate to examine the approach of the High Court in

reversing the finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal on the factum of motorcycle being driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2, son of

appellant No.1 owner of the motorcycle) at the relevant time and also that he had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving.

We are inclined to do so as it is open to the respondents to support the decree whilst urging that the finding against them recorded by the

High Court on the matter in issue ought to have been in their favour as has been held by the Tribunal.

9.The respondents, in support of their claim that the deceased Krishna Kumar travelled as pillion rider and was sitting in the middle,

between the two other persons who were travelling together on the motorcycle, had examined witnesses who spoke about the fact that

Prem Lal along with Narendra Panika came to the Pan Shop of deceased Krishna Kumar and cajoled him to accompany them to Village

Belia. Krishna Kumar agreed to go with Prem Lal and when he left his Pan shop, the vehicle was being driven by Prem Lal (appellant

No.2). The witnesses have also unambiguously mentioned that when they reached Village Belia and left from that Village, Prem Lal was

driving the motorcycle and Krishna Kumar was sitting in the middle and Narendra Panika behind him. The witness Jawahar Lal (AWÂ​5),

has also stated that while he was going to Sonhat from Baikunthpur in a jeep, he saw Krishna Kumar going with his friends on a

motorcycle and sitting in the middle. Few minutes thereafter, the accident occurred. The respondents, through their witnesses, have also

established that the motorcycle was owned by appellant No.1 and appellant No.2 used to drive that motorcycle himself. The appellants did

not even produce any tittle of evidence, except the bare words of the appellants and their witnesses Narendra Panika (DWÂ2) and Jai

Prakash (DWÂ3) who are obviously interested witnesses. Taking the entirety of the evidence on record, the Tribunal in paragraphs 17

and 18 of its judgment observed thus:

“17. Examining the witnesses Gayagtri (AWÂ1), Rajkumar (AWÂ2), Sanjay Pratap Singh (AWÂ3), Bhagwat Prasad (AWÂ4),

Jawahar Lal (AWÂ5), Sandeep Kuma (AWÂ6) and the documents exhibited it was found that on 14.11.2006 near the Khad Naala near

village Kailashpur motorcycle no.CG 16C/5171 met with an accident, and the riders of the motorcycle Premlal, Narendra Panika, and

Krishna Kumar were injured. Krishna Kumar was seriously injured and therefore, he died while being taken to Charcha hospital.

18.From the statement of applicant no.1 Smt. Gayatri Devi and the Criminal Complaint no.39/08 before the Chief Judicial Magistrate,

Baikunthpur, prima facie case against Premlal Rajwade under section 279, 304A of IPC has been registered on the basis of the witnesses

and documents and the matter is pending before the court. These facts have stood the test of crossÂ​examination.â€​

“10.Again, in paragraphs 22Â24, the Tribunal negatived the plea of the appellants being farÂfetched and accepted the version of the

respondents â€" claimants that the motorcycle at the relevant time was being driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2) and he had caused the

accident due to rash and negligent driving. Paragraphs 22Â​24 read thus:

“22. On the basis of the above mentioned statements of the Defendant Premlal (DWÂ1), Witness Narendra Panika (DWÂ2), and

Jayprakash (DWÂ​3) the claim of applicants that Krishna Kumar died in a motorcycle accident is proved.

23.The defence of the defendants is that on the said date the motorcycle was being driven by deceased Krishna Kumar. Defendant

witness Premlal (DWÂ1), Narendra Kumar (DWÂ2), andJ ayprakash (DWÂ3) in their chief examination have stated that while going

back from Kailashpur the said vehicle was being driven by Krishna Kumar. Krishna Kumar was driving the motorcycle in high speed and

negligent manner, due to which he was not able to control the vehicle and accident was caused. Witness Premlal (DWÂ1) has refuted the

claim of the applicants in his cross examination and has stated that deceased Krishna Kumar knew how to drive all kinds of vehicles. But

he has conceded of not having any knowledge whether Krishna Kumar had any driving licence or not. This witness has stated that the

deceased had scooter for himself. However, the defendants have not been able to produce any reliable evidence as to the ownership of

the said scooter and neither any valid licence to prove that Krishna Kumar had a license to drive to vehicles. Narendra Panika (SWÂ2)

has also not produced any documents relating to the vehicle of the deceased neither relating to the driving license of the deceased.

Witness Jayprakash (DWÂ3) has admitted that he did not see the accident happening. In this situation, the burden of proof is on the

defendants to prove that deceased had a valid driving licence and that he was the one who was driving the motorcycle. The defendants

have failed to produce any reliable evidence in this regard. The vehicle involved in accident CGÂ16/C5171 is owned byM ohar Sai and it

was regularly driven by Premlal (Defendant no.2), if he or his father (defendant no.2 and 1) had allowed deceased Krishna Kumar, so

both of them are definitely liable for the accident, because without finding out whether the deceased had a valid driving license, the

defendants allowed him to drive the motorcycle.

24.Therefore, on the basis of the above evidence it is decided that on question no.1 and 2 the applicants have been able to successfully

prove against the defendants. On the other had the defendants have not been able to prove their case on question no.2. Therefore, the

question no.1 is adjudicated as Yes and question no.2 is adjudicated as No.â€​

11.The view so taken by the Tribunal, it appears to us, was not only a possible view but also in conformity with the scale to be applied for

appreciation of evidence in motor accident cases namely preponderance of probabilities. Nevertheless, the High Court reversed this well

considered finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal by merely observing thus:

“11. After evaluating the evidence of witnesses, it would reveal that the Applicant had examined the eye witness Sanjay Pratap Singh

as A.W.3, but he has stated in cross examination that he has not seen the incident and reached the spot after the accident had happened.

Similarly, witness Bhagwat Prasad only says about the fact that before the occurrence of accident, the vehicle was driven by Premlal.

Another witness Jawharlal Sahu has stated in his cross examination that he has not seen the incident. Therefore, taking into statements of

witnesses alongwith FIR wherein it is stated that at the relevant time, the vehicle was being driven by the deceased himself appears to be

more plausible. Ex.DÂ4 is a document of MLC of two persons, which is an intimation sent by Doctor Ex.DÂ4 purports that the doctor

intimated the police about the injured persons and it contains the statement that 3 persons were travelling in the motorcycle and the driver

of the motorcycle had died. This was sent on 14.11.2006 at about 11.45 p.m., that is the date of accident and immediately after the

incident happened. Reading it alongwith the statements of pillion riders who were also travelling on the motorcycle would clearly go to

show that that at the relevant time, the vehicle was being driven by the deceased Krishna Kumar Rajwade itself.

“12.So taking into account the facts which have emergedfrom evidence and documents on record, I am of the opinion that the finding

of the learned Claims Tribunal that at the relevant time the vehicle was being driven by Premlal Rajwade appears to be not sustainable

and is set aside. Accordingly, it is held that deceased was also liable for contributory negligence for the accident.â€​

12.The entirety of evidence has not been analysed by the High Court, including the material evidence of witnesses who had seen Prem

Lal (appellant No.2) driving the motorcycle and deceased Krishna Kumar sitting behind him as pillion rider, whilst leaving his Pan shop and

when they reached Village Belia and again, when they left that village, including having been seen by Jawahar Lal (AWÂ5) on the way

just before the occurrence of the accident. The High Court has not discarded the version of the claimants’ witnesses as untruthful.

Besides the oral evidence adduced by the claimants, the Tribunal also took note of the police papers in respect of the Criminal Complaint

No.39/08 filed before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Baikunthpur, for offence punishable under Sections 279 and 304A of the Indian Penal

Code and the statement of the witnesses referred to therein. The High Court, however, selectively relied on the statements of interested

witnesses examined on behalf of the appellants and Exh. DÂ4 and Exh. DÂ5. Exh. DÂ4 is a document of MLC of NarendraP anika

who presumably gave intimation that Krishna Kumar was seriously injured and that he succumbed to injuries before he could be shifted to

the hospital. The version given to the doctor by appellant no.2 and Narendra Panika was unilateral and not verified from independent eye

witnesses before recording the same. Exh.DÂ5 was similarly founded on the intimation given by the two injured persons who obviously

did not reveal the correct position for reasons best known to them. Notably, the eye witnesses examined by the claimants have neither

been discarded as untruthful nor has the High Court found any contradiction in the version given by them. Their version remained

unshaken during the crossÂ​examination. As such, the High Court committed manifest error in reversing the finding of fact recorded by

the Tribunal by solely relying on the version of interested witnesses examined by the appellants in defence. On the other hand, the analysis

of the totality of evidence by the Tribunal is consistent with the principle of preponderance of probabilities.

13.Once this finding of the High Court becomes doubtful, the principal argument of the appellants must fail, in which case the question of

applying Section 140 of the Act does not arise. For the same reason, the exposition in the case of A. Sridhar (supra), will be of no avail to

the appellants. In other words, we find no infirmity in the finding recorded by the Tribunal that the motorcycle was driven by Prem Lal

(appellant No.2) at the relevant time and had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving resulting in injuries to all the three

persons travelling on the motorcycle, including the deceased Krishna Kumar who succumbed to the injuries before being admitted in

Charcha Hospital. No serious argument has been made about the quantum of compensation determined by the High Court providing for

future prospects and deducting 1/4th towards personal expenses, including applying the multiplier of 16. Even if any argument in that

behalf is available to the appellants, as the amount involved is insignificant and the difference between the quantum determined by the

Tribunal and the quantum determined by the High Court is only marginal (the Tribunal determined Rs.3,85,000/Â and the High Court

determined Rs.3,86,500/Â), we decline to interfere in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution. At the same time,

we must clarify that we have not examined the justness of the finding of the High Court regarding contributory negligence against the

deceased and providing for deduction of 50% compensation amount therefor. For, the respondents have not assailed that part of the

finding of the High Court.

14.Taking overall view of the matter, we have no hesitation in concluding that in the facts and circumstances of the present case, no

interference under Article 136 of the Constitution is warranted. Hence, this appeal is dismissed with no order as to costs.