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Judgment
Abdul Hadi, J.—The 1st defendant in O.S. No. 1217 of 1990 on the file of Sub Court, Coimbatore is the appellant in both these civil
miscellaneous appeals. The said suit is one u/s 92, C. P.C. for settling a scheme for the administration of the 1st plaintiff-trust, the 1st respondent in
both the appeals. The 2nd and 3rd respondents herein who are also plaintiffs in the suit, claim to be trustees of the abovesaid trust. These two
C.M. As. are against the common order dated 21.4.1993 in three I. As. in the said suit including I.A. Nos. 1511 and 1513 of 1990. C.M.A. No.
496 of 1993 is against the temporary injunction order in the above said I.A. No. 1511 of 1990 in the said suit restraining the appellant from leasing
out the trust properties or collecting the income thereof, as Managing Trustee of the said Trust. C.M.A. No. 497 of 1993 is against the order in the
abovesaid I.A. No. 1513 of 1990 appointing a Receiver to take possession of the suit trust properties and manage them.
Respondents 1 to 3 in the CM.As. appeared even as caveators and since only a point of law is involved in these two appeals as is indicated
below, the appeals themselves have been taken up for disposal.
The only submission by the learned Counsel for the appellant in both the Appeals is that I.A. No. 604 of 1989 filed in the suit seeking leave of
the court u/s 92, C. P. C. for instituting the abovesaid suit is still pending and no order has been passed thereon so far, granting the said leave and
that therefore, the suit itself cannot be deemed to have been already instituted (even though it has been wrongly numbered) and that hence no
interim order could have been passed in the said I.A. Nos. 1511 and 1513 of 1990. Even though the said I. A. No. 604 of 1989 was filed as early
as 29.3.1989 and after the appellant herein filed counter therein as early as 13.6.1989 the court below has adjourned the hearing of the said LA.
for enquiry"" very many times, admittedly so far no order has been passed therein granting or refusing the said leave. 3-A But, what the learned
Counsel for the respondents 1 to 3 urges is that it should be inferred from certain features of the case that the said leave has been granted by the
court below by implication and that there is no necessity for any formal or express order granting the said leave. According to him, one of the
abovesaid features is that the court itself thought fit to number the suit in 1990. Another feature pointed out is that in the abovesaid I.As., no
specific objection was taken stating that the said I.As. could not be ordered before leave is expressly granted pursuant to the abovesaid I.A. No.
604 of 1989. Yet another feature pointed out is that there was also amendment petition in the suit pursuant to the death of some of the parties of
the suit and that the said petitions were also ordered. While so, all that he contends is that it should be inferred that the court below has impliedly
granted the abovesaid leave. Further, the said counsel points out that at this late stage, in the interest of the trust, the appellant should not be
allowed to set at naught the just interim orders that have been passed in the abovesaid I.As. to protect the interests of the trust. He also submits
that Section 92-suit is similar to a suit under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. wherein it has been held that interim orders could be passed pending disposal
of the petition under the abovesaid Order 1, Rule 8, C. P.C. seeking permission of the court to sue in a representative capacity on behalf of
numerous persons having the same interest. In this connection, he drew my attention to the following passage in R. Venugopala Naidu v.
Venkatarayalu Naidu Charities AIR 1990 B.C. 444:
He has also argued that a suit u/s 92, CPC is different from a suit filed under Order 1, Rule 8 of Civil Procedure Code. We do not agree with the
learned Counsel.
He also drew my attention to my own Judgment reported in Executive Officer, Vadakku Valliyur Town Panchayat v. M.Mattar Mohideen (1990)
1 L. W. 638, which was also a case under Order 1, Rule 8, Civil Procedure Code, holding that where the court has ordered publication of the
notice of the application under Order 1, Rule 8 C.P.C., it can be presumed, in view of the rulings in Sankiah v. Vadakasi 1980 T.N.L.J. 86 and
Sri Ram Krishna Mission and Another Vs. Paramanand and Others, , that a conditional permission contemplated under the said rule has been
given by implication. He also points out that in R.M. Narayana Chettiar and another Vs. N. Lakshmanan Chettiar and others, , it has been even
held that in deciding the application for leave u/s 92, C. P.C, even notice of the application to the respondent is not necessary. While so, the court
below has ordered the said notice in the present case after hearing the petitioners in the I. A. and according to the said counsel, from this also it
could be inferred that the court had granted leave by implication.
I have considered the rival submissions. First of all, it must be stated that in R.M. Narayana Chettiar and another Vs. N. Lakshmanan Chettiar
and others, , the Supreme Court has held, taking into consideration the language used in Section 92 of the Civil Procedure Code, that leave of the
court is a condition precedent for the institution of a suit against public trust for the reliefs set out in the said section. (Para 17 therein). Section
92(1), C.P.C. only says ""...having obtained leave of the court, may institute a suit...."". So, it is clear that leave is a condition precedent for the
institution of such a suit. The language used in Order 1, Rule 8(1)(a) is as follows:
One or more of such persons may, with the permission of the court, sue....
It must also be noted that the permission spoken to in Order 1, Rule 8, C. P.C. is not and has also not been held to be condition precedent as in
the case of leave u/s 92 C. P.C., Permission under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. may be granted even after the institution of the suit and even at the
appellate stage by allowing an amendment, if such amendment does not materially change the nature of the suit Mookka Pillai alias Sudalaimuthu
Pillai Vs. Valavanda Pillai and Others, and Muthukaruppa Ethandar v. Appavoo Nadar AIR 1943 Mad. 161 : ILR 1943 Mad. 267 : (1943) 1
M.L.J. 453 : 55 L.W. 837 : 1942 M.W.N. 775 : 207 I.C. 407.
4-A The above referred to observation of the Supreme Court in R. Venugopala Naidu and Others Vs. Venkatarayulu Naidu Charities and Others,
does not mean that the suit or procedure with reference to it u/s 92, C.P.C. and that with reference to a suit under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. are
same in all respects. It only means the said suits are common in so far as they both are representative suits. That is why, the Supreme Court also
observes immediately after the above quoted passage cited by the learned Counsel for the respondents as follows:
A suit whether u/s 92, CPC or under Order 1, Rule 8 of CPC is by the representatives of large number of persons who have a common interest.
The very nature of a representative suit makes all those who have common interest in the suit as parties. We, therefore, conclude that all persons
who are interested in Venkatarayalu Naidu Charities which is admittedly a public trust are parties to the original suit and as such can exercise their
rights under Clauses 13 and 14 of scheme decree dated September 9, 1910.
In the said Supreme Court case relating to a suit u/s 92, C.P.C. some persons who were not parties to the said suit filed objection to the
permission granted by the court earlier to sell the trust properties and sought to set aside the said permission. In that context only, the Supreme
Court held that even though they were not really eonominee parties they were held to be parties to the suit just as in the case of a suit under Order
1, Rule 8, C.P.C. Only in that context, the Supreme Court observed the similarity between Section 92 and suit under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C.
both being representative suits. The abovesaid observation by the Supreme Court in the said decision cannot at all lead to the inference that in all
respects, the suit u/s 92, C.P.C. and the suit under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. are the same.
Since thus it is clear that the leave u/s 92, C.P.C. is a condition precedent to the institution of the suit itself, now it is to be seen whether it could
be inferred in the present case that the said leave has been granted by the court below by implication in view of the above referred to features
pointed out by the learned Counsel for the respondent. The learned Counsel for the appellant points out that despite the abovesaid features there is
absolutely no scope at all for any such inference. According to him, the reason is that not only the abovesaid I.A. No. 604 of 1989 is still pending
the court below thought fit to order notice to the respondents (despite the fact that it is not incumbent on the court to issue notice to the
respondents in the said LA) and after the counter has been filed by the respondents herein the court as stated above, had been adjourning the case
for ""enquiry"" several times, right from 13.6.1989 till 20.4.1993, as found in the copy of the said I.A. petition and orders thereon, shown to me. I
concur with this argument since it is clear that the court below has yet to apply its mind as to whether it should grant or not, the leave u/s 92,
C.P.C. The fact that the court is posting the said LA. for ""enquiry"" number of times, shows that it has yet to apply its mind on the question at issue.
Therefore, I agree with the contention of the learned Counsel for the appellant that despite the above referred to features pointed out by the
learned Counsel for the respondents, there is no possibility at all for any inference being drawn to hold that the abovesaid leave had been already
given by implication.
In this connection, no doubt the learned Counsel for the appellant draws my attention to the above referred to my own decision and points out
that in the abovesaid decision also, it has been held as stated above that despite the fact that the LA. seeking permission under Order 1, Rule 8,
C.P.C. had been only posted for enquiry on several days and was only pending at the relevant time without order having been passed finally in the
said LA. In this connection, he drew my attention to the following passage in para. 4 of the said judgment.
I.A. No. 257 of 1989 was filed along with the suit seeking permission under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C., the said LA is dated 24.5.1989. Notice was
ordered in the said petition on the same day. Publication in one issue of Dinathandhi was also ordered. On 26.6.1989 it was recorded that paper
publication was made. Thereafter the said LA. was posted for enquiry subsequently on several days and so far no order has been passed finally in
the said I.A.
Despite the above fact that the LA was only posted for enquiry on several occasions, I have held in the said decision, that it should be presumed
that a conditional permission under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. had been given by implication, even though no express order granting such permission
had been passed in the said L.A. under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C.
6-A For coming to the said conclusion I relied on Sankiah v. Vadakasi 1980 T.N.L.J. 86 and Sri Ram Krishna Mission and Another Vs.
Paramanand and Others, of this Court. The passage relied on in Sri Ram Krishna Mission v. Paramanand, is as follows:
Unlike Order 33, Rule 8, C.P.C. which provides that where the application for permission to sue as a pauper has been granted it shall be
numbered and registered and shall be deemed the plaint in the suit, Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C, contemplates a suit from the very inception. It is true
that a representative character is imparted to the suit only after the requisite procedure has been complied with; but it would be erroneous to hold
that no suit has been instituted until permission has been granted by the court.
...I think that when a court issues notice on an application for leave under Order 1, Rule 8 made after the presentation of the suit, it should be
inferred that the court has by implication granted a conditional permission.
Similarly the relevant passage in Sankiah v. Vadakasi 1980 T.N.L.J. 86, is as follows:
From the circumstances of the case and from the fact that the court had ordered publication of the notice it can be presumed that the court had
granted the necessary permission under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C., on the other hand, when the plaintiffs have filed the necessary application and the
court has ordered the necessary notice to be published in dailies, it is for the other residents of Chellam North and South Streets, if they were so
inclined to have come and opposed the plaintiffs.
6-B. But, neither the above referred to my own decision nor the other two decisions Sri Ram Krishna Mission and Another Vs. Paramanand and
Others, and Sankiah v. Vadakasi 1980 T.N.L.J. 86, all under Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. can be applied to the present suit u/s 92, C.P.C. This is so
particularly because of what is contained in Clause 2 of Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. which runs as follows:
The court shall, in every case where a permission or direction is given under Sub-rule (1) at the plaintiffs expense, give notice of the institution of
the suit to all persons so interested....
The permission referred to in the said Clause 2 is the permission of the court under Clause 1 of the said Rule which may be sought for by a plaintiff.
So, only after permission spoken to under Clause 1 is given the court gives notice of the institution of the suit to all persons interested. So, when the
court gives such notice we can infer that the abovesaid permission has been granted by implication. That is why, I have held in the abovesaid my
decision that it should be presumed that conditional permission has been given by implication. The, said permission is a conditional one because as
pointed out in Sankiah v. Vadakasi 1980 T.N.L.J. 86, the defendants after they get the notice, could appear and oppose the application under
Order 1, Rule 8, C.P.C. and could get the said conditional permission revoked, if they are able to convince the court to that effect.
6-C. On the other hand, there is no such provision in Section 92, C.P.C. Further, even without ordering notice, the court could grant the leave u/s
92, C.P.C. though giving such notice may be a desirable one as pointed out by the Supreme Court in R.M. Narayana Chettiar and another Vs. N.
Lakshmanan Chettiar and others, Therefore, the above referred decision under O1, Rule 8, C.P.C. cannot be applied to the present case u/s 92,
C.P.C. and it cannot be inferred in the present case that the leave u/s 92 has been granted by the court below by implication.
The next question is whether, consequent upon the abovesaid conclusion reached, should both the above referred to impugned orders in the
abovesaid two I.As. be set aside. In this regard, I am of the view that simply because of the abovesaid conclusion reached by me, the order in I.A.
No. 1513 of 1990 appointing a Receiver as stated above, cannot be set aside, though the other order in I.A. No. 1511 of 1990 granting
temporary injunction as stated above has to be set aside. This is because of the difference in the language used in Order 39, Rule 1, C.P.C. on the
one hand and Order 40, Rule 1, C.P.C. which I shall presently point out. No doubt in Kintali China Jaganadham v. K.Laxmi Naidu AIR 1988 On.
100, I find the following passage:
Where a suit has been registered or interim orders have been passed prior to the granting of leave u/s 92, the same shall be held to be incompetent,
invalid and non-est.
7-A But in view of the reasons I give below I think that the abovesaid ruling in Kintali China Jaganadham and Others Vs. K. Laxmi Naidu and
Others, , cannot be applied to an interim order appointing a receiver pending the suit, under Order 40, Rule 1, C.P.C. I draw support for this
proposition from the following three decisions. In Sulaiman v. S.M. Jamath 1982 K.L.T. 790, the Kerala High Court has held that unlike an
application for the issue of a commission, which contemplates the existence of a suit for passing an order under Order 26, Rule 1, an application
for the appointment of a Receiver does not in terms of Order 40, Rule 1, C.P.C, contemplate an already registered suit for the exercise of the
power thereunder and even while proceedings for leave u/s 92 are pending and the question of leave remains undecided, it will be open to the
court to entertain an application for the appointment of a receiver and dealt with and dispose of the same in accordance with the law.
7-B. For coming to this conclusion, Kerala High Court relies on two decisions Mohammad Ali Khan Vs. Ahmad Ali Khan and Others, , and Bai
Sakri Vs. Bai Dhani, . In Mohammad Ali Khan Vs. Ahmad Ali Khan and Others, , the question was whether while setting aside the order of the
District Judge removing the existing Mutwalli of the suit wakf, and appointing another Mutwalli thereof, on the ground that the said order of the
District Judge was without jurisdiction, the High Court could appoint a receiver to safeguard the wakf property of which the person appointed had
taken possession pursuant to the District Judge''s order. In the said decision, the following observation of Braund, , was approved by the other
learned Judge Wali Ullah, J, though the third Judge Allsop J, disagreed in that respect.
With defence, I do not share the view that this Court, in this or any other matter involving the administration and care of assets, has no sufficient
seisin of the subject matter of a dispute which is once before it, to enable it to make such provision as is proper for the protection of the estate"".
Jurisdiction to protect property pending the ascertainment of rights is inherent in any court which once has cognizance in any form of a dispute
involving the execution of a trust or the administration of assets; and I think the court has not merely jurisdiction but a duty to safeguard them. Thus
the learned advocate appearing for the respondent has asked us to do by the appointment of a receiver pending the disposal of the matter in issue.
Supporting this observation, Wali Ullah, J also observed as follows:
It is clear from Order 40, Rule 1, CPC that a Receiver can be appointed in proceedings other than suits. Thus, it has been held that a Receiver
may be appointed during the course of the proceedings for the appointment of a guardian under the Guardians and Wards Act, Vide AIR 1925
Lah 489 and AIR 1929 119 (Nagpur) .
7-C In Bai Sakri Vs. Bai Dhani, , the question was whether in proceedings informa pauperis, the court was competent to appoint a Receiver, and
the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court held that a Receiver could be appointed in such a case pending the decision in the application for
leave to sue as pauper. There, it. has been pointed out that the present form of Order 40, Rule 1 differs from the older Section 503, (of the
preceding Code of Civil Procedure) in that the words ""where it appears to the court to be just and convenient"" have been substituted for the words
where it appears to the court"" to be necessary for the realisation, preservation or better custody, or management of property, moveabte or
immove-able, the subject of a suitor attachment"" (emphasis supplied). The said Division Bench points out further thus:
The omission of the words ""the subject of a suit or attachment"" leaves the rule in extremely general terms, and so far as Sub-rule (1) is concerned,
there is nothing whatever in the rule to suggest that a receiver could not be appointed in any proceeding that was before the court. It is of course
necessary that there should be some proceeding before the court and a person who has no other business in the court at all cannot come to the
court and ask the court to appoint a receiver and then go away. But so far as Sub-rule (1) is concerned, there is nothing to suggest that an
application to sue as a pauper is not the sort of proceeding in which a receiver could be appointed. It is true that Sub-rule (2) refers to parties to
the suit, but we do not think that these words in Sub-rule (2) can be allowed to control the general terms of Sub-rule (1) in view of the fact that
there has been a deliberate amendment of the old rule and the principal part of the amendment was to omit the only words which would limit the
proceedings before the court to suits or attachments.
No doubt the learned Counsel for the respondents draws my attention to the following passage in R.M. Narayana Chettiar and another Vs. N.
Lakshmanan Chettiar and others, , to contend that even the Supreme Court does not contemplate that an interim order could he passed pending
disposal of the petition u/s 92, C.P.C for instituting the suit thereunder.
The desirability of such notice (of the petition for leave u/s 92, C.P.C.) being given to the defendants, however, cannot be regarded as a statutory
requirement to be complied with before leave u/s 92 can be granted as that would lead to unnecessary delay and, in a given case, cause
considerable loss to the public trust. Such a construction of the provisions of Section 92 of the Code would render it difficult for the beneficiaries of
a public trust to obtain urgent interim orders from the court even though the circumstances might warrant such relief being granted.
According to the learned Counsel, if interim orders could be passed to safeguard the interest of the trust pending disposal of the application for
leave u/s 92, C.P.C., the Supreme Court would not have made such an observation. But, in my view from this observation alone, without any
further discussion in the matter, it cannot be concluded that the Supreme Court is of the view that no interim order at all could be passed pending
disposal of the abovesaid application for leave u/s 92, C.P.C. In view of my reasoning based on the above referred to the decisions of Kerala,
Allahabad and Bombay High Courts, I hold that an order for appointment of Receiver to protect and preserve the suit trust properties, could be
made by a court even pending disposal of the application for leave u/s 92, C.P.C. 8-A No doubt, in contrast, it may also be noted that the
language of Order 39, Rule 1, C.P.C. indicates that the temporary injunction thereof can be granted only in a ''suit'', since the said rule begins by
saying ""where in any suit, it is proved....
Therefore, since no other argument was advanced by the learned Counsel for the appellant to point out any error in the above referred to
receiver order in I. A. No. 1513 of 1990 on its merits, I, while setting aside the impugned order in the other I.A. No. 1511 of 1990 on the
abovesaid legal ground that the prescribed condition precedent has not been fulfilled, I confirm the impugned order in I.A. No. 1513 of 1990,
Accordingly, C.M.A. No. 496 of 1993 is allowed and C.M.A. No. 497 of 1993 is dismissed. No costs. 10. I also want to add that it is very
much regrettable that none of the learned Judges who presided over the court below during the period from 1989 to 1993 when the abovesaid
I.A. No. 604 of 1989 was pending, appears to have taken enough care to see that the said LA. was disposed of at a very early date, very soon,
after the said LA. is posted before it. Each of them should have realised that where the plaintiffs deserve leave to institute the suit u/s 92, C.P.C.
but the said leave is not granted without any delay, the suit trust might suffer very much if there was mismanagement by the persons in management
of the trust., but suitable interim orders could not be had from the court. After all, if only judicial officers apply their mind, there could be no
difficulty at all in disposing of an application u/s 92, C.P.C. seeking the leave. The court has only to satisfy itself whether the persons asking for
leave have interest in the trust, whether the trust is a public trust and whether there are prima facie grounds for thinking that there has been a breach
of trust.