Queen-Empress vs Virasami

The accused, G. Virasami, is a police constable. During the trial of a dacoity case, Sessions Case No. 36 of 1895 of Kistna, he was examined

as a witness and made statements which the Sessions Judge considered to be. false. The Sessions Judge, therefore, immediately after the evidence

was given, committed the accused for trial before his own Court u/s 477, Criminal Procedure Code. The trial of Sessions Case No. 26 then

proceeded, and after the Judge had summed up to the jury, but before they gave their verdict, a juror stated that he was deaf and partly blind. The

Judge then chose-a new jury, and commenced the trial of the dacoits de novo u/s 282, Criminal Procedure Code, and they were eventually

convicted. The present accused was afterwards tried in due course and convicted of an offence punishable u/s 193, Indian Penal Code, and was

sentenced to two years'' rigorous imprisonment.

Against this conviction he now appeals, both on the merits and on several preliminary grounds.

The first ground is that, as the trial of Sessions Case No. 26 had to be commenced de novo, it must be regarded as null and void for all

purposes, and any statement made therein by a witness cannot be the subject of offence under Sections 191 or 193, Indian Penal Code. We

cannot admit this contention. The accused was legally affirmed, and was bound u/s 14 of the Indian Oaths Act X of 1873 to speak the truth. The

Sessions Judge was a Court, and had jurisdiction to try the case in the course of which the accused gave the evidence that is said to be false. The

fact that one of the jurors was afterwards found to be deaf, and, therefore, incapable of doing his duty as a juror, necessitated the examination of

the witnesses de novo before a competent jury. This was in fairness to the persons then accused, but it did not and could not, in any degree,

diminish the obligation which lay on the present accused, as a witness in the case, to speak the truth. Can it be contended that if, owing to the death

of a juror during the trial, the witnesses had to be examined de novo, their prior statements, if false, could not be made the subject of a prosecution

for giving false evidence? Again, if, in the cases under consideration, a witness, having been duly examined, should die in the interval between his

examination and the retrial necessitated by the death or incapacity of a juror, can it be contended that his evidence could not be used in the retrial

u/s 33[1] of the Indian Evidence Act? We apprehend that these questions must be answered in the negative. It follows, we think, that there was

nothing in the retrial of Sessions Case No. 26 to absolve the present accused from the obligation under which he lay to 3peak the truth when

examined as a witness in the first trial.

The next preliminary objection is that when the accused made an application u/s 526-A, Criminal Procedure Code, on the 30th November

1895, for the adjournment of the case in order that an application might be made to the High Court to transfer it, the Sessions Judge illegally

refused any adjournment, though he was absolutely bound by law to grant an adjournment. In support of this view, attention is drawn to the words

of the section and to the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Queen-Empress v. Gayitri Prosunno Ghosal ILR 15 Cal. 455. Under this section,

which was added to the law by Act III of 1884, the complainant or the accused has the right, before the commencement of the hearing, to notify to

the Court his intention to make an application to the High Court for transfer of the case; and, if he does so, the section goes on to provide ""the

Court shall exercise the powers of postponement or adjournment given by Section 344 in such a manner as will afford a reasonable time for the

application being made and an order being obtained thereon before the accused is called on for his defence,"" These words the Calcutta High Court

held to be obligatory, and, in the case before it, it held that the Magistrate''s refusal to grant the adjournment asked for was illegal, and it

consequently set aside all the proceedings which followed that illegal refusal. We are asked to follow that decision, and to set aside the present trial

in consequence of the Sessions Judge''s refusal to grant the adjournment asked for on the 30th November. The trial of the case was fixed for the

2nd December, and if the application of the 30th November was the first application made u/s 526-A, we think that the Sessions Judge would

have been bound to have granted an adjournment, since it would not have been possible to have made an application to the High Court and

obtained its order, in the interval between the 30th November and the 2nd December. We find, however, that on the 20th November the accused

put in a petition stating that he had applied to the High Court for a transfer of the case, and a verba application was then made for an adjournment

of the trial on that account, but was refused on the ground that the case had already been adjourned, on the accused''s application, from the

November sessions to the December sessions, and that a further adjournment was unnecessary. The contention that is pressed upon us by the

accused''s vakil is that the Sessions Judge had no discretion in the matter, and that the words of the section ""shall exercise the powers of

postponement"" simply mean ""shall postpone"" and rendered some postponement, were it only for a day, absolutely necessary, in order to comply

with the provisions of the section; and this, whether, when the application was made, there was, or was not, time enough, before the trial, to make

the application to the High Court and obtain its orders. We cannot admit this interpretation of the section, nor do we think that the ruling of the

Calcutta High Court can be taken as necessarily sanctioning such an interpretation. No doubt the words ""shall exercise,"" etc., are obligatory, but

the obligation is not, necessarily and under all circumstances, to grant a postponement, but only to give the party a reasonable time for obtaining the

orders of the High Court. The postponement is no part of the essence of the obligation. By itself a postponement might be either useless, if it were

for too short a time, or superfluous, if there was sufficient time without any postponement. The essence of the obligation is that the party should

have a reasonable time to move the High Court and obtain its orders. If he has such reasonable time when the application is made, there is no

obligation to grant any further time. We think that this is clear not only from a common sense appreciation of the object which the Legislature had in

view, but also from a consideration of the language of the section and the reference to Section 344. This section gives the Court power to

postpone a trial, with certain formalities, if, for certain reasons, ""it becomes necessary or advisable"" to do so. Thus the necessity, or at least the

advisability, of granting a postponement, is, u/s 344, a condition precedent to the existence of the power of postponement. When, therefore,

Section 526-A says that, under certain circumstances, the Court shall exercise the powers of postponement given by Section 344, it carries with it

the limitation contained in that section to cases in which it is necessary, or at least advisable, to grant the postponement, in order to attain the object

which Section 526-A has in view, viz., to obtain the orders of the High Court on the application for transfer. In the Calcutta case the application

for transfer was made on the 19th November, and the case was heard, and judgment given on the 21st idem. Evidently in that case the interval was

insufficient to move the High Court and obtain its orders, and the Magistrate, in refusing the adjournment, neglected the essential obligation laid on

him by the section. In the present case, if the application of the 30th November were the first application, we should hold that the Sessions Judge

was legally bound to have granted an adjournment, inasmuch as the interval between that date and the 2nd December (the date fixed for the trial)

was insufficient to admit of an application to the High Court. But as a fact, the application for postponement u/s 526-A was first made on the 20th

November, and the interval between that and the 2nd December was, in our opinion, a time reasonably sufficient for the accused, with due

diligence, to have moved the High Court for a transfer, and to have obtained its orders thereon. The Sessions Judge was, therefore, justified in

refusing an adjournment on the application of the 20th November, and nothing occurred subsequently to render it necessary for him to grant on the

30th the application which he refused on the 20th, for we must hold that the accused''s act in making his first application to the High Court with an

insufficient affidavit was want of diligence on his part. The result is that, under the circumstances, the refusal of the Sessions Judge to grant an

adjournment was not illegal, and the second preliminary objection fails.

A third preliminary objection is that the Sessions Judge, having, before he pronounced judgment, learned that the High Court had transferred the

case, ought to have adjourned the case, instead of pronouncing judgment. This objection is untenable. The trial began on the 2nd December, and

the judgment was written and pronounced on the 5th December. The order of the High Court was made on the 4th December in ignorance,

apparently, that the trial had commenced two days previously, but the order did not reach the Sessions Judge until after the judgment was

pronounced. We cannot say that he was wrong in refusing to adjourn the case, at so late a stage, on the strength of a telegram said to have been

received by the accused''s vakil to the effect that the High Court had passed an order to transfer the case.

The fourth preliminary objection is that the Sessions Judge ought not to have refused to adjourn the case in order to obtain the evidence of two

absent witnesses. One of these witnesses was proved to be too ill to travel, and the other was not served with a summons. The Sessions Judge

held that the witnesses were ""persons of very ordinary status, whose evidence would in no case carry much weight,"" and added: ""The accused

wishes to call them to speak to the same facts as other witnesses of just as much respectability whom I have discredited. I rule that the witnesses

are not material witnesses."" For this reason, and because he thought that the application was made ""to delay the case and defeat the ends of

justice,"" the Sessions Judge refused the adjournment. We cannot agree with the Sessions Judge that the witnesses were not material witnesses.

From the accused''s statement on the 3rd December 1895 it appears that one of the witnesses, Subbarayadu, was to prove that Appi Reddi took

food with him at Prattipadu on the night of the 5th June, and the other witness, Kotayya, was to prove that he saw Appi Reddi at the police station

and at the search of Pichanna''s house on that day. If those statements are true, the whole case against the accused must fail, for the whole question

at issue is whether Appi Reddi was, or was not, taken to Prattipadu on the 5th June. The matters as to which the witnesses were to speak were,

therefore, the very matters on which the guilt or innocence of the accused depended, and were obviously material. It was not open to the Sessions

Judge to decide on the credit to be attached to their evidence before he had an opportunity of healing it. The Sessions Judge, therefore, exceeded

the discretion given to him by Section 216, Criminal Procedure Code, and it is obvious that the accused has been prejudiced in his defence by the

Sessions Judge''s refuse to obtain the evidence of these witnesses. We do not, however, think it necessary on this account to set the trial aside; but

we resolve u/s 428 to direct the Sessions Judge to now take the evidence of these two witnesses and certify the same to this Court. We also

resolve to direct the Sessions Judge to take the evidence of the station-house officer of Prattipadu, as he, of all others, must be in a position to say

with certainty whether Appi Reddi was or was not kept in his station on the 5th June, as alleged by the accused. The fact that this witness was

absent from the district is no sufficient reason for neglecting to obtain his evidence. As a public servant he might have been departmentally required

to return to the jurisdiction of the Court, or a commission u/s 503[2], Criminal Procedure Code, might have been issued for his examination.

It is not clear whether the evidence expected of the police writer of Kakiman referred to in paragraph 10 of the judgment is relevant. If the

Judge finds that it is so, his evidence should also be taken. The evidence now called for may be taken by the Judge himself, or, if there is sufficient

reason, on commission u/s 503.

It must be certified to this Court within three weeks from this date.

This case coming on for re-hearing this day after the receipt of the fresh evidence called for in the order of this Court, dated the 31st March

1896, the Court delivered the following

The further evidence now recorded makes it certain that the finding of the Sessions Judge that Appi Reddi was never taken to Prattipadu is

correct. It follows that the three statements specified in the charge are false and that the appellant was rightly convicted. We agree with the

Sessions Judge that a police officer who gives false evidence in a dacoity case deserves exemplary punishment. We confirm the conviction and

sentence and dismiss the appeal.

Ordered accordingly.

[1]

[Section 33: Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, or before any person

authorised by law to take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving,

Evidence in a former in a subsequent judicial proceeding, or in a later stage of the same

judicial proceeding when judicial proceeding, the truth of the facts which it states, when

relevant. the witness is dead or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving

evidence, or is kept out of the way by the adverse party, or if

his presence cannot be obtained without an amount of delay or expense which, under the

circumstances of the case, the Court considers unreasonable : Provided

that the proceeding was between the same parties or their representatives in interest;

that the adverse party in the first proceeding had the right and opportunity to cross-

examine;

that the questions in issue were substantially the same in the first as in the second

proceeding.

Explanation.--A criminal trial or enquiry shall be deemed to be a proceeding between

the prosecutor and the accused within the meaning of this section.]

[2]

[503: Whenever, in the course of an inquiry, a trial or any other proceeding under

this Code, it appears to a Presidency-Magistrate, a District

When attendance of Magistrate, a Court of Session or the High Court that the

witness may be dispensed examination of a witness is necessary for the ends of justice, and

with. that the attendance of such witness cannot be procured without

an amount of delay, expense or inconvenience which, under the

circumstances of the case, would be unreasonable, such Magistrate or Court may dispense

with such attendance and may issue a Commission to any District Magistrate or

Magistrate of the first class, within the local limit of whose

Issue of Commission, jurisdiction such witness resides, to take the evidence of such

and procedure there-under. Witness.

When the witness resides in the dominions of any Prince or State in alliance with, Her

Majesty in which there is an officer representing the British Indian Government, the Comm-

ission may be issued to such officer.

The Magistrate or officer to whom the Commission is issued, or, if he is the District

Magistrate, he or such Magistrate of the first class as he appoints in this behalf, shall

proceed to the place where the witness is or shall summon the witness before him, and shall

take down his evidence in the same manner, and may for this purpose exercise the same powers,

as m trials of warrant cases under this Code.]