SARIKA vs ADMINISTRATOR, MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (MP)

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ARUN MISHRA, J.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.Leave granted.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.The petition pertains to famous Mahakaleshwar temple, Ujjain. The appellant has impugned the judgment and order passed in Writ Appeal No.37/2014 by the Division Bench of the High Court of Madhya",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pradesh at Indore thereby setting aside the order passed by the Single Bench on 4.12.2013 in W.P. No.10712 of 2013.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.Mahakaleshwar is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva. In order to understand the importance of the Lingam it is necessary to consider it, in brief, the history of Mahakal â€" Shiva, worshipping of statues and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Lingam, origin of Mahakal, same as defined in scriptures etc. as pointed out in the reply of Mahant Prakash Giri of Shri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani is as under:",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“BRIEF HISTORY OF MAHAKAL SHIVA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Since ancient times in Hindu culture definitions are found in name of Shiva, Pasupati, Rudra, Ishaan, etc. Undoubtedly, the Vedas are the only authentic and wellÂbeing book of Hindu religion, when and where it",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

was created it is matter of search. But it can be said that at least 5000 years ago, it was in complete existence.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Shiva is the instrument of discussion in Veda Mantras, but that discussion is on shapeless god. Somewhere nature's body is also addressed by various names of Shiva, part of Vedic treatises of the Swaithashwar",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

influx, it has been discussed by the 'Sweth' sage on the basis of the Vedic Mantras in the spiritual form of Shiva.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

As briefly stated, [Abstract from Swaithashwar influx] : The creator treats himself and all the controlling Divine powers differently, therefore, it remains entangled in the creation of universe [In the enjoyment of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

nature] And when that incomparable divine power is experienced, then attain liberation, that is salvation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Indestructible or destructible, visible and not visible it nourishes the divine (the supreme power) of this whole world, the creature attracted to the qualities of nature, treating himself as his boss, stays in the same",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

nature, and when that creature is experiencing that divine, attracted by the qualities of nature, creatures [Jeev] keep himself tied by the attribute of the same nature, and when that creature experiences that",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

divine, then he is exempted from all bondage.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The destructive staple and indestructible lifeÂforce is formulated by a god called ‘Har’, with the thought of its contemplation, and by the feeling of its element, the person achieves the retirement of the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

cycle (nature) of the reincarnation after liberation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Braham in the soul should forever be known, there is no more known qualified entity than this, the creator (creature), the usable material (nature), and the inspiration (God), this is the only way Brahma said in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

three ways.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

While commenting on this stanza, 'Shankaracharya' has written with the reference of Shiva, that performers [Yogi] see Shiva's not in idols but in soul, a person who relinquish Shiv from his inner soul to worship",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

outer Shiv, he feels as if he has dropped his hands morsel (Food yoga substance) and licks his empty palm, as the blind person can't see the rising sun, in the same way, the uneducated person can't view the calm",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

form of Shiva. The person who view the omniscient (everywhere present) calm form of Shiva, Shiva resides in his heart, but those who can't see Shiva located in their souls, those people use to search him at",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

pilgrimage place. In the interpretation of this stanza, it is written with reference to Vishnu Purana that's the goal that is proven by the mind's axiomatic (complete) Inconsistent (Due to meditation and distinction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

between patience) the form is assumed, it is called a Samadhi.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The power called a Rudra is governed by the entire Universe, it is situated within all the organisms and creates the entire universe (many planets located in space and space), protects them and destroys",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(destruction of the universe) means it merges in itself. Rudra Dev originates all the creation and creatures.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Nature is to be known as illusion and Maheshwar as Elusive this entire world (universe) is the Action Format of both of them.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

At the beginning of creation by becoming one [supreme power] and being special by its power without any purpose many types of characters [Special form] holds and in the end the world dissolves in it and same,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

supreme power provide pure intelligence.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Supreme power is the fire, the same sun, the same air, the same moon, the same Venus, the same Brahma, the same water, and the same is Prajapati. Dev (supreme power) exists in fire, which is in water, and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

is occupied (everywhere) in the entire universe and which is present in the Medicine and the vegetation also that god (God). This soul is neither a woman, nor a man, nor an important, the one who holds the body",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

remains the same.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The supreme power, (the power that exists everywhere), that power is the form of knowledge, which is the power time (time). Who is the virtuous and Omniscient [all knowing] Inspired by that the earth, water,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

fire, air, and sky, established In their own deed, keeps interaction, think of that supreme power. HeadÂNeckÂand chest keeping the body together, by controlling all the indices by concentrating peace of mind,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

strengthen the meditation while uttering the sound ‘Om’.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

To control the mind, do pranayama. These actions are to be held at quiet, secluded, and in a clean place.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In this way, where ever Yogi does Yoga, the Yogi experience the Brahma Tattva (God) with the illuminating self, similar to the lamp, That yogi is free from all unborn, steady, and all elements, he releases",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

himself from all bounding by knowing that God.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Thus, from this brief description of Shvetashwar Upanishad, it can be understood that the Shiva as described in Veda, he is the only creator of the Universe, is rearing the universe, is also the destroyer, spreads",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

everywhere known as power form of formless God.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It is submitted that Vedas are the foundation of Hindu religion, all types of basic knowledge and science are available. This is the first knowledge book of the universe, on basis of this Vedas, all Purans and Hindu",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

texts are written or spoken, now it can be seen brief form of Shiv from Hindu texts written after Vedas. The 'Shev sect' is known for worshiping different forms of Shiva by believing it as God, this sect. has its",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

own elaborate literature how much is truth, it is the matter of research but in Bharat it has been recognized at least 2500 years ago it is known from the available evidence, how old is this from it is a matter of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

research. The main forms of Shiva People whom people in Bharat or abroad worship him as God in the form of idol or phallus. The visual part of Shiv is as follows:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.Panchamukhi Shiva,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.Asht Vidh Shiva,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.Ekadash Rudra,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4.Various Incarnations of Shiva,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.Bhairav,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6.Shiva's Yogavatar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The Origin of Lingas: The origin of the Linga's in the Puranas in such a way that when this creation was taking place, there was a fierce battle between Brahma and Vishnu, and in that war a huge Jyotipunj",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

appeared between them, As a result of this sudden incident, both of them stopped fighting together and went to know the secrets of this light; they went up and down in the form of swan and wind, but there was",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

no end to it then both of them came back and gathered and explored Lingas at that time they heard a sound ‘Om’ coming out of that Jyotirmay Lingas, and universe was created, first of all it came in form",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of Golden egg and it remain in same format for thousand years after that egg got divided which created Sky and Earth Brahma and Vishnu performed the prayer of Jyotirlinga with Om Mantras then from that,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Jyotirlingas in form of words [a,aa,e,ee,u,oo,r,tr,others) Shiv along with Uma manifested when he lift his head again and looked upwards then from sound of Omkar he visualize 38 words Ishan Mantras, 24 words",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Tatpurush Mantra, 33 words Aghor Mantras, 35 words Sadhojat Mantras and 66 words Vamdev Mantras knowing these five mantras Vishnu started Chanting these mantras and prayed Shiva by these in Mantra",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

form from here onwards the origin of worship Jyotipunj Lingas started, the main meaning of the word lingas is symbol, i.e. here, we understand from Shivling that in entire universe Shivaling is considered to be",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the symbol of the ultimate power which prevails inside and outside of it, word Shiva it the only power who runs, creates, .and destroy this universe. This universe is its direct symbol, hence Shivling is considered",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

as symbol of God.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Different types of lingas: There are two main types of lingas the first type of lingas is called as swambhu, meaning of swamboo is who is selfÂgenerated, second type of Lingas are produced, Lingas are",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

produced from Mercury, Gold, Silver, Diamond, Sfetik, Precious Stones, stones and Mud, it can be made from other materials also, Shiv Lingas made of mud are dissolved in water after worshipping daily balance",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

type of Lingas are permanent. According to tradition every piece of stone found in Narmada river is treated as Lingas. Apart from this trees and plants are also symbol of Shiv Lingas. Legislation of worshiping,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Statues and Lingas: Shiva statue created along Human shape is called Pratima, Customs of worshiping the Idols and Lingas are almost same.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Worshiping of Shiva's Formless Lingas: In addition to external worship, internal worship is also mentioned in the Puranas, for spiritual contemplation and meditation two types of Lingas have been defined Lingas",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

created by physical materials available outside and interior Lingas, for the sake of emotional fulfillment of common mass concept of Solid outside form of Lingas, has been perceived, the epicenter lingus which",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

means the spiritual astral body, which does not have direct experience the same ignorant persons perform prayer etc everything outside by imagining it externally, by meditating Jnan meditation yoga, in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

meditation, that subtle Lingas symbol of Shiva sees himself sitting in his own right. Once this knowledge is attained, there is liberation this is worshiping the formless Lingas. Knowledgeable people perform",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

meditation yoga by the equator were he visualize subtle shape Shiva sitting within itself when his knowledge is attained he gets Liberation, this is the way to worship the formless Lingus.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pasupat ki Utpatti: According to Ling Purana, Pasupat vrat Yoga scriptures and Kapil Samkhya are composed by Shiva and Pasupat was created earlier and it's the best. Shiva had very first preached to Vishnu",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

etc deities of Pasupat second time he preached at time when he inhale poison occur from sea churn, third time he preached to Prajapati Daksh on the occasion when Daksh oblation [Yag] was vandalize. Shiva",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

28 yoga avatars were also holders of pasupat vrat they spread the Pasupat through their disciples. Pasupat vrat which was originated by Lord Shiva, after him the Yoga incarnation held at different times by",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

different people took forward but all of them are not available in Holy book [Grant] but they are discussed in the context here and there. Out of these the last Yoga avatar his name was 'Lakuleesh' and he was,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

born presently known as Gujarat in Vadaodra district, according to time he reached Ujjain their he delivered his first preach to Kushik and other disciples on manner in which Shiv performed and practiced the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pasupat vrat, and Mahadev south facing statute i.e sacraments or pledge the bhasma purified by Sadhojatadi 5 Shiva Mantra's to Mahakal this prime action has been interpreted in Pasupat Sutra by authentic",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

interpreter 'kodilya' in his first Sutra. Mahadev authentic southÂdirection Linga formation is the only one at 'Mahakaleshwar Jyotirling' besides this the accreditation is that it doesn't exist at any other place.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Persons who adopt Pasupat yog should take bath thrice with Bhasam, should sleep on bed of Bhasma, even after taking food etc he should put Bhasam on his body, should possess Shiva Nirmaalya, such as",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

House holders and people living in the other hermitage have their own special symbols likewise Bathing with Bhasam [Bhasam ashnan], Sleeping on Bhasam, Anuashnan Shiva Nirmaalya are symbol of person of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pasupatl's, Pasupati should chant five Braharn mantra purified by 'Sadvoiata'all these should be performed in congruence of south facing staue of Lord Mahadev.ln brief it has been narrated about Pasupat,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pasupat tradition originated from Lord Shiva has always been followed regularly in Bharat today they are known as 'Naga Sadhu', There is evident proof of Pasupat and Naga Sadhu's are time to time mentioned",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

in ancient books [Grants], and are been quoted in scripts of others religion [Jainism and others].",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Origin of Mahakal : According to Shiva Mahapurana Kotirudra sanhita Update 16, a Brahmin lived with his four sons in Ujjain [Ujjani] city, that Brahman daily used to perform Agni horn & terrestrial Shiva",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Linga, at the same time an evil demon called Dushan lived on the mountain called Ratanmal. On day when Brahman was delighted in meditation of Lord Shiva then only Dushan monster arrived along with his",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

army and tried to kill Brahman then only Lord Shiva manifest from the terrestrial Linga worshiped by the Brahman, said that I am Mahakal who destroys evil demon like you, move away from this Brahman, and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

by a single word 'Hunkar' reduced that evil demon along with his army into ashes, after the killing of Dushan these Brahmins prayed to Lord Shiva to stay their and Lord Shiv accepted it stable himself in form of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Lingas and known as Mahakal. In the 17th chapter of this mythology, King Chandra Sen of Ujjain and one Gope child also worship the Mahakaleshwar Lingas.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pasupat and Mahakal: In the Puranas and many other literature, the material related to Mahakal is obtained, according to available evidence, current Mahakal temple is the only authentic South facing Shiva",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Linga, ,in the past there was crematorium at this place, this is the only Shiv Lingas in the universe on which from unknown time ashes of funeral pyre brought from crematorium by pronouncing Sadyojata Five",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

mantras is plated by Naga [Pasupatis] Sadhu. This tradition is not experimented anywhere else except Mahakal no other sect in the universe except Pasupat loves Bhasam and crematorium, he is worshiper of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

south facing Shiva and uses bhasam purified by Pach Braham[ Sadyojata] mantras. Current format of Pasupat which was preached by Lukulish in Ujjain these probes that Pasupat and Mahakal are mutually,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

related and according to the said behavior in Mahakal before and during today's time, Mahant of Nag a Sadhu's at Mahakal is following the tradition of Pasupat. Swet Saga the first Pasupat acharya in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Swetashwer upnished have mentioned at different places about Divine power of Shiva especially in chapter (4Â20) He has praise a special appearance of Rudra's southern face, In mahabharat chapter",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Anushasan parv Shiva told Uma that I have delivered the preaching on Pasupat from my Southern face, in Shiv Mahapuran, Ling Mahapuran, Panchbrahmhopnishad volumes south facing Shiva has been called",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Aghor, It is famous the crematorium is very dear to Shiva and Shaiv Aghories, in Ling Mahapuran worshiping South facing Shiva by Bhasam has been mentioned specifically, proof in these texts certify & it is",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

evident that the present Jyotilinga of Mahakal south facing aghor shiva statue, that's why Naga Sadhu's (Followers of Pasupat branch) are offering Bhasam ashnan daily to him, since ancient times (according to",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the evidence of Kondilya it is 1500 years back) is being performed even today. The ritual of performing Bhasma ashnan to Mahakal can be carried out only and only by Naga sadhu's nobody else can do nor,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

should it can be attempted. If attempted it will destroy the tradition and will hurt the sentiments of Hindu religion. Today even the Hindu devotees visit Mahakal to visualize the Bhasma Ashnan of Maharaja,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mahakal.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Antiquity of Mahakal and Pasupat: By 1735 when Ujjain has come under domination of Marathas at that time Ranoji Schinde who was appointed by Peshwas, and has given charge of Ujjain to Diwan",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ramchandra this Diwan Ramchandra had rebuilt the present Mahakal Temple, approx 1235 Shamsuddin Alatmas had robbed and destroyed the Mahakal Mandir. Restoration of Mahakal Temple was executed",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

by Raja Bhoj approx during 1010, state poet Ban Bhat of Harshvardan who ruled the state during 590Â647 has also described about Mahakal & Pasupat in his poem Harshcharit & Kadambari. During the time",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of Vikramaditya great Poet Kalidas has specifically mentioned Mahakal Temple in his Poetry Raghuvansh and Meghdoot it is difficult to specify the time of Kalidas, but at least 1650 years is prevalent in the past",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

not less than that. Apart these description of Mahakal are found in Puranas and Tantra shastra also, but time can be mentioned by Historians, we can't. In book Heart of Jannisium written by Stevenson has also",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

mentioned that Founder of Jain religion Mahaveer also visited Ujjain and has performed austerity, famous Mahakal Temple was established in Ujjaini. What is the truth we can't say but from the available scripts",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

it can be mentioned that approx 2000 years past existence of Mahakal Temple is evident because Historian has predicted the time of composition and preaching of Pasupat 150 B.C to 1st A.D and there is,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

indirect form of discussion of Mahakal in Pasupat Sutra. Now briefly we should view the ancientity of Pasupat. From 1295 to 1385 a person named Acharya Madhav has mentioned briefly about Nakulish,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pasupat Sight to Shavya Sect in his book called Sarvya Darshan. In eight century Shankracharya has specifically discussed about Pashupat Sect in his Vedant Sutra chapter 2, fart 2, formula 37 which is an",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

authentic book. This Formula of Vedant has clearly mentioned of Pasupat Sect by mentioning word Pati so the Pasupat is ancient the Braham Sutra and the time of composition of Vedant sutra is between 4000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

B.C to 450 B.C as described by historian in their own way, so it is difficult to predict the exact time, approx 2000 years back Pasupat Sect was fully established or it was' in the beginning shape this can be",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

said.â€​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Preservation of Mahakaleshwar Linga:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4.This Court has primarily entertained the petition vide order dated 5.5.2017 as it transpired that the idol of Lord Shiva in the form of Lingam is in danger due to various causes and it has deteriorated as such,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

notice was issued to ensure its preservation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.The appellant has filed an additional affidavit in the matter of erosion of Lingam. It has been pointed out that due to the erosion of Omkareshwar Jyotirlingam, offerings have been banned.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Omkareshwsar Jyotirlingam is situated nearby Ujjain. In this regard, newspaper report dated 15.11.2006 as to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam has also been filed.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6.Following is the report dated 15.11.2006 published in the newspaper UNI :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“Mahakal Jyotirlinga eroding:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Published: Wednesday, November 15, 2006, 11:40 [IST]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Indore, Nov 15 (UNI) 'Jyotirlingam' of Lord Mahakal at temple town Ujjain is gradually getting eroded. More than 30 square cm scalp of the holy 'lingam' has come out with nearly 7Â8 mm thickness from the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

eastern side along with 3Â4 similar circular patches, having 2Â2.5 cm diameter and 6.5 mm depth, just above the bigger patch. The entire holy 'lingam' is having geological scaling on the western side. Two",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

vertical carving has raised concern that the 'lingam' will have enough chances of splitting into three pieces in future.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Dr. Ram S Shrivastava, a known scientist closely observing the holy lingam since 1953, is convinced that if due care was not taken then ""we will have to cut a sorry figure in future."" He said the Mahakal was the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

oldest 'Jyotirlingams' out of 12 'Jyotirlingams' in the country and the only one facing south. The Mahakal temple was destroyed by Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish of Delhi in 1235 and it was later restored by the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Scindias in the 19th century.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There is a 5,000Â​yearÂ​old record available for worships.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It is believed that the 'Jyotirlingam' was found inside the Koti Teerth Kunda in the Mahakal campus and the temple was first constructed by King Vikramaditya. Dr. Shrivastava said one of the reasons for,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

erosion could be pouring of chlorinated water Ânearly 25,000 litres a day Âbesides about 80 'pundits' from 16 Brahmin families massaging the lingam on rotation basis using Bhat Shringar, Bhang Shirngar etc.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Milk' and other offerings could be accounted in tonnes. Almost every visitor touched the holy shrine and often rubbed and pressed it during prayers.â€​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Yet another report dated 7.7.2014 about banning of offerings of sugar, ghee, milk, curd etc. in the temple at Ujjain has been placed on record. That management wanted experts to check erosion of Jyotirlinga",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of Mahakaleshwar Temple at Ujjain. Following is the report dated 7.7.2014 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“Mahakal management wants experts to check erosion of jyotirlinga TNN | Jul 7, 2014 11.42 AM IST",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

UJJAlN: Mahakaleshwar temple administration has written a letter to the commissioner of state archaeology department to send a team of experts to examine reported erosion in treasured stone jyotirlinga at the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

temple.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

District collector and temple committee head BM Sharma told newspersons on Saturday that steps needed to prevent the erosion would follow the report and suggestions of experts expected to visit the temple,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

shortly.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The issue of erosion of Shivling has been in news for over a decade, prompting the issuance of guidelines. But norms were not implemented. .It has been reported several times that use of impure puja materials",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

like sugar, ghee, milk, curd, and others is causing erosion in twoÂandÂhalfÂfeet high shivling. The administration even restricted the use of these materials to 1.25 liter per devotee a few years ago, but it was not",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

controlled and monitored. Similarly, a suggestion to establish kiosk of Sanchi milk in temple corridor to ensure pure milk, ghee to pilgrims, is gathering dust. The shops outside the temple are selling subÂstandard",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

puja materials and devotees have no option but to buy them.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The shivling at Mahakal is much in height compared to jyotirlinga at Onkareshwar temple in Khandwa district and the administration there a few months ago the restricted use of panchamruit material to avoid the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

erosion. Use of sugar granules is already banned in other Mangalnath temple in Uijain and devotees have been asked to use powdered sugar.â€​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Reasons for decay and conservation of heritage monument have also been placed on record.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8.Later on, an application under Article 142 of the Constitution of India has also been filed by the appellants for the issuance of appropriate directions for the preservation of Lingam and prayer has also been",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

made for the appointment of Expert Committee.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

9.Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam has so much importance for spiritual and other gains, there is a constitutional duty to protect it as envisaged in Article 25, Art. 26 read with Article 49, at the same time there is a",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

fundamental duty under Article 51A of the Constitution to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood as provided in Article 51A and to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It is also the duty to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity as provided in Article 51A (a)Â​(j).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Articles 51A (a), (e), (f) and (j) are extracted hereunder:",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“[51A. Fundamental Duties.Â​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It shall be the duty of every citizen of IndiaÂ​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(a)to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(j)to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.â€​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10.In Ms. Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. (2002) 7 SCC 368, this Court has considered the importance of moral values in religions and it was observed that the religion is the foundation for the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

valueÂbased survival of human beings in a civilized society. The force and sanction behind civilized society depend on moral values. Religion should not be misunderstood. The secular democracy requires where,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

even a very weak man hopes to prevail over a very strong man on the strength of rule of law by proper understanding of duties towards the society. In Aruna Roy (supra) this Court has observed thus:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“30. Undisputedly, the aforesaid S.B. Chavan Committee's report was placed before Parliament for discussion. None can also dispute that the past five decades have witnessed a constant erosion of the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

essential social, moral and spiritual values and increase in cynicism at all levels. We are heading for a materialistic society disregarding the entire value based social system. None can also dispute that in a secular",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

society, moral values are of utmost importance. A society where there are no moral values, there would neither be social order nor secularism. Bereft of moral values secular society or democracy may not",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

survive. As observed by the Committee, values are virtues in an individual and if these values deteriorate, it will hasten or accelerate the breakdown of the family, society, and the nation as a whole. In a society",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

where there is constant evaporation of social and moral values for getting property, power or post, ÂÂ is it not advisable to have a solid social foundation from the base level so that a grownÂup person would",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

fight against all kinds of fanaticism, illÂ​will, violence, dishonesty, corruption, and exploitation? The answer would obviously be Â​Â​ 'yes.'",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

31.Further, for controlling wild animal instinct in humanbeings and for having a civilized cultured society, it appears that religions have come into existence. Religion is the foundation for value based survival of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

human beings in a civilized society. The force and sanction behind civilized society depend upon moral values. The philosophy of coexistence and how to coexist is thought over by the saints all over the world,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

which is revealed by various philosophers. How to coexist, not only with human beings but all living beings on the earth, maybe animals, vegetation and the environment including air and water, is thought over and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

discussed by saints and leaders all over the world which is reflected in religions. If that is taught, it cannot be objected as it is neither violative of constitutional or legal rights nor it offends moral values. This has",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

been dealt with elaborately by the S.B. Chavan Committee. The Committee as stated above had invited suggestions from noted educationists on various aspects of valueÂbased education. As stated by the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Committee it had benefited by the views of eminent experts/NGOs doing pioneering work in this area. Further, no one can dispute that truth (satya), righteous conduct (dharma), peace (shanti), love (prem) and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

nonÂviolence (ahimsa) are the core universal values accepted by all religions. The Committee has also pointed out that religion is the most misused and misunderstood concept. However, the process of making",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the students acquainted with the basics of all religions, the values inherited therein and also a comparative study of the philosophy of all religions should begin; students have to be made aware that the basic",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

concept behind every religion is common, only the practices differ. If these recommendations made by the Parliamentary Committee are accepted by NCERT and are sought to be implemented, it cannot be",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

stated that its action is arbitrary or unjustified.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

32.Further, it appears to be a totally wrong presumptionand contention that knowledge of different religions would bring disharmony in the society. On the contrary, knowledge of various religious philosophies is",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

material for bringing communal harmony as ignorance breeds hatred because of wrong notions, assumptions, preaching and propaganda by misguided interested persons.â€​",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11.There is a pious purpose of all the religious activities, no religion breeds hatred. It is in order to bring harmony and to understand basic human values and for selfÂrealization and to visualize the concept of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

equality pilgrimages by the various sections of people of various religions. Secularism is the basic structure of the Constitution that has to be given the meaning that is developing understanding and respect,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

towards different religions. The essence of secularism is nondiscrimination of people by the State on the basis of religious differences. In the Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras vs. Sri",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt [AIR 1954 SC 282], this Court has considered the concept of religion under Article 25. It has been observed that it secures to every person, subject to public",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

order, health and morality, a freedom not only to entertain such religious belief, as may be approved of by his judgment and conscience but also to exhibit his belief in such outward acts as he thinks proper and to",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

propagate or disseminate his ideas for the edification of others. This Court has observed that the question relating to the administration of properties belonging to a religious group or institution are not matters of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

religion. Religion is a matter of faith with individuals or communities. It is not necessarily theistic. In the said case it was observed that ""there are wellÂknown religions in India like Buddhism and Jainism which",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

do not believe in God or in any Intelligent First Cause. A religion undoubtedly has its basis in a system of beliefs or doctrines which are regarded by those who profess that religion as conducive to their spiritual,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

wellÂbeing, but it would not be correct to say that religion is nothing else but a doctrine or belief. A religion may not only lay down a code of ethical rules for its followers to accept, it might prescribe rituals and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

observances, ceremonies and modes of worship which are regarded as integral parts of religion. The guarantee under our Constitution not only protects the freedom of religious opinion but it protects also acts",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

done in pursuance of a religion and this is made clear by the use of the expression practice of religion.""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12.In Prafull Goradia v. Union of India [2011 2 SCC 568] this Court has observed that if Government is making small expenditures separately for separate religions, therefore granting support to Haj pilgrims was",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

not violative of Article 14 or 15. This Court has observed thus:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“8.In our opinion Article 27 would be violated if a substantial part of the entire income tax collected in India, or a substantial part of the entire central excise or the customs duties or sales tax, or a substantial",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

part of any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. In other words, suppose 25 % of the entire income tax collected in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

India was utilized for promoting or maintaining any particular religion or religious denomination, that, in our opinion, would be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10.In our opinion, if only a relatively small part of any tax collected is utilized for providing some conveniences or facilities or concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the Constitution. It is only when a substantial part of the tax is utilized for any particular religion that Article 27 would be violated.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14.Hence, in our opinion, there is no violation of Article 27 of the Constitution. There is also no violation of Articles 14 and 15 because facilities are also given, and expenditures incurred, by the Central and State",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Governments in India for other religions. Thus there is no discrimination.â€​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13.This Court in Transport & Dock Workers Union v. Mumbai Port Trust (2011) 2 SCC 575 has considered the essential spending of the government money on religions when it can be violative of Article 27 and,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

has laid down thus:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“10. Insofar as the provision of Section 9A of the Industrial Disputes Act is concerned, it was submitted that since by the policy decision no change in relation to the personnel who were working was",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

intended to be brought about, there was no question of giving any notice of change.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11.The learned Counsel appearing for the appellantsrelied on the judgment of the Supreme Court in People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 1473 to contend that a writ petition by,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

workers, when they claim any violation of fundamental right, is maintainable. The learned counsel also relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court in Moti Ram v. North East Frontier Railway AIR 1964 SC 600",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

to claim that the respondentÂ​Port could not have framed a policy which violates the guarantee of Article 14 of the Constitution.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12.The learned counsel appearing for the appellantsfurther relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court the Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC 180 to contend that even if an undertaking,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

is given, that undertaking does not stop the person who has given the undertaking from asserting his fundamental right.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13.The learned counsel for the respondents on the otherhand relied on the judgments of the Supreme Court, in Ravi Paul v. Union of India 1995 (3) SCC 300, and M.P. State Textile Corporation Ltd. v.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mahendra 2005 (10) SCC 675, and submitted that in one establishment there can be employees having separate duty hours.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14.In our opinion, the writ petition filed by theappellants should have been dismissed by the High Court on the ground of existence of an alternative remedy under the Industrial Disputes Act. It is well settled that",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

writ jurisdiction is discretionary jurisdiction, and the discretion should not ordinarily be exercised if there is an alternative remedy available to the appellant. In this case there was a clear alternative remedy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

available to the appellants by raising an industrial dispute and hence we fail to understand why the High Court entertained the writ petition. It seems to us that some High Courts by adopting an over liberal,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

approach are unnecessarily adding to their load of arrears instead of observing judicial discipline in following settled legal principles. However, we may also consider the case on merits.â€​",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14.The Government spends a huge amount on Kumbh/Simhasth Melas being organized at such places. Even otherwise, when there is a large number of a gathering of persons every day and in particular during",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

melas and other festival times, State has obligation to provide the basic amenities to the pilgrims. It is the bounden duty of the Government to make proper arrangement to provide shelter places, for maintenance",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of law and order and to sanction the amount without fear of violation of the concept of secularism. Right to life includes mental and intellectual growth which is laid down in Shantistar Builders v. Narayan,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Khimalal Totame (1990) 1 SCC 520. In P.G. Gupta v. State of Gujarat & Ors. (1995) Supp 2 SCC 182, considering the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, food, clothing, and shelter",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

have been held as part of Article 21.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

15.There is a constitutional obligation to preserve the religious practices of all religions, culture and there is also a corresponding duty to act in that direction. Similarly, such acts which are necessary for the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

preservation of such historical monuments/deities. State is duty bound to spend the amount so that not only the archaeological, historical and ancient monuments are preserved but sanctum sanctorum, as well as",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the deity otherwise no useful purpose would be served by spending so much amount on Simhastha/ Kumbh Melas in case deity, is itself permitted to be deteriorated as it has happened at other places particularly",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

nearby Omkareshwar Jyotirlingam by offerings and rubbing it etc. has deteriorated and now barricades have been erected around the lingam and nobody is permitted to touch it. Same is true with respect to other,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

important temples of which reports have been filed. It is apparent from the reports published about Omkareshwar that the administration had banned offering of milk, ghee, water, curd and other traditional",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

materials to save the Jyotirlingam from further erosion. It is regrettable that we have not been able to preserve and protect our Jyotirlingas of immense importance and there was a proposal to install new Lingam,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

at Omkareshwar in place of original. In 2006, also there was a report of erosion of Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam at Ujjain and it was feared that Jyotirlingam owing to the two vertical carvings had enough",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

chances of splitting into three pieces in future. On the strength of a report of known scientist referred to therein, who had observed Jyotirlinga since 1953, in his opinion, if due care was not taken we will have to",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

cut a sorry figure in future. Mahakaleshwar is the oldest Jyotirlingam out of dwadash (twelve) Jyotirlingams in the country. The main cause of constant erosion of Lingam was water and other impure material.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

16.News Report dated 7.7.2014 also reflects that Mahakaleshwar temple management wanted experts to check the erosion that was caused by impure puja materials like sugar, ghee, milk, and curd etc. It was",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

regretted that suggestion to establish kiosk of Sanchi milk in temple corridor to ensure pure milk, ghee etc. to pilgrims was gathering dust. Devotees have no option but to purchase subÂstandard and adulterated",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

materials.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

17.As per the report on famous ‘Mangalnath temple' situated at Ujjain itself, there special Puja and Abhishekam is performed for ‘Mangal Grih Shanti'. The report indicates that District Administration has",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

banned offering of sugar, vermilion as rubbing thereof was causing damage to the Shivling. Use of sugar had been banned with immediate effect as it was causing highest damage and use of other materials had",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

also to be limited. Use of subÂstandard and chemical contained vermilion and turmeric powder was also proposed to be checked and it was decided that herbal articles would be made available for pooja. It is,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

regrettable that in temple of such immense importance the deities are being destroyed due to aforesaid impure materials of Puja which are being offered. A report dated 12.5.2014 had been placed on record,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

indicating a ban on touching idol of Muktinath Lingam inside Muktinath Temple in Mustang district of Nepal. It was also mentioned that the Government team was working on a master plan for the development,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of Muktinath temple. Said temple is a holy place for Buddhists and Hindus.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

18.There are other reports placed on record with respect to the damage being caused to other important deities in the temple like Mahalaxmi Temple at Kolhapur and Bhoramdev Shivling at Kavardha in State of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Chhattisgarh. Report of erosion of Shivling at Trimbakeshwar temple in Nasik, Maharashtra. The report indicates that erosion is due to use of excessive use of water etc. We had initially called the suggestions",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

from Temple Committee itself for preservation of Linga.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

INITIAL SUGGESTIONS OF TEMPLE COMMITTEE,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

19.In compliance of the order dated 5.5.2017 passed by this Court the Temple Committee has filed following suggestions:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“2.That in compliance of the same the committee sought a report from the Department of Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain, Prof. P.K. Verma, Professor of Applied Geology submitted the report. Hereto",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

annexed and marked as ANNEXURE RÂ​1/3 is the true and correct copy of the report dated 11.06.2017.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.It is submitted that as per the report of ProfessorVerma dated 11.06.2017, the corrosion of Shivlinga is mainly due to touching of Shivlinga with a variety of impure puja material including adulterated milk, curd,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

sugar, sugarcane juice, flowers etc during Abhishek or other special pooja which are performed regularly, since time immemorial.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

S.No .,Subject,Suggestion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.,"Consideration/discussio n on

the milk to be offered to

the God (Bhagwan)","There is a tradition of Dugdhbhishek of Bhagwan Mahakaleshwar. In

this regard, it was suggested that highÂquality milk

may be used. There must not be any adulteration in the

milk. Stringent rules may be made in this regard. For this

purpose, the Temple Committee (Mandir Samiti) may make

arrangement for milk at its own level. For this purpose,

‘Sanchi' can be used and in future, by upgrading Temple

Gaushala more, the milk may be brought directly from the

Gaushala to the temple and the milk imported from outside

sources may be strictly prohibited.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.,"Consideration/discussio n on

the issue of Panchamrut

Poojan (offering)","The Panchamrut ablution is done every day to God Shiva. In

this regard, it was suggested that Panchamrut may be prepared by

the Temple Committee/Samiti itself. For this purpose, it may

provide highÂquality milk and curd at its own level and may not

directly mix sugar in the Panchamrut. For this purpose, sugar

dust may be used. The quantity of Panchamrut, as already

prescribed for 1 ¼ liter, may be complied with. Honey (Shahad) etc",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.,"C ons ide r a t ion /

discussion on worship /

offering materials","may be made available from the Gramodyog etc.

On the shops situated outside the temple, the offering/worship

articles are sold, viz. Abeer, Gulal, Kumkum (Saffron)

etc. In this regard, it was suggested that the Mandir Samiti (Temple

Committee) may fix a shop or the Samiti may itself run a

shop where pure worship materials may be available. The worship

materials being sold presently in the outside area of the Temple may

be prohibited/restricte d immediately.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4.,Discussion on ‘Jalpaatra’,"For Jalabhishek (water ablution) of Bhagwan Mahakaleshwar, the

Jalpatra has been installed at the Jaldwar (Watergate). The said

Jalpatra may be cleaned every day with hot water so that

the acid being gathered in the pipe etc may not be

gathered/accrued.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.,"Consideration of the

issue of constantly being big

garland etc. on the

‘Jyotirling of Bhagwan

(the God)'.","Constant Jalabhishek (water ablution) is done to the Bhagwan

Mahakaleshwar from 06 O’clock morning till 4.30 PM in the

evening. For this purpose, a big garland etc may remain

constantly on the ‘Jyotirling of Bhagwan’ so that

water, milk etc. may not fall directly on the Jyotirling.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6.,"Consideration of the

issue of a test of water,

milk, and articles etc.","This suggestion was received in the meeting that the articles and

materials from which the worship etc. of Bhagwan

Mahakaleshwar is done every day, all these may be tested once,

from which this fact may be clear that which material is

positive/suitable for the Jyotirling and which materially

affects the Jyotirling negatively.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

S.N .,Subject,Suggestion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.,"Consideration/discussion on

the milk to be offered to the

God (Bhagwan)","There is a tradition of Dugdhbhishek of Bhagwan

Mahakaleshwar. In this regard, it was

suggested that highquality milk may be used. There must not

be any adulteration in the milk. Stringent rules

may be made in this regard. For this purpose, the Temple

Committee (Mandir Samiti) may make arrangement for

milk at its own level. For this purpose,

‘Sanchi' can be used and in future, by upgrading

Temple Gaushala more, the milk may be brought directly from

the Gaushala to the temple and the milk imported from

outside sources may be strictly prohibited.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.,"Consideration/discussion on the

issue of Panchamrut

Poojan (offering)","The Panchamrut ablution is done every day to God

Shiva. In this regard, it was suggested that

Panchamrut may be prepared by the Temple Committee /

Samit itself. For this purpose, it may provide highÂquality

milk and curd at its own level and may not directly mix sugar

in the Panchamrut. For this purpose, sugar dust may

be used. The quantity of Panchamrut, as already

prescribed for 1 ¼ liter, may be complied with.

Honey (Shahad) etc may be made available from the

Gramodyog etc.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.,"Consideration/discussion on

worship/offering materials","On the shops situated outside the temple, the

offering/worship articles suggestion in, viz. Abeer, Gulal,

Kumkum (Saffron) etc. In this regard, it was suggested that

the Mandir Samiti (Temple Committee) may fix a shop

or the Samiti may itself run a shop where pure worship

materials may be available. The worship materials

being sold presently in the outside area of the Temple

may be prohibited/ restricted immediately.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4.,Discussion on ‘Jalpaatra’,"F o r Jalabhishek (water ablution) of Bhagwan

Mahakaleshwar, the Jalpaatra has been installed at the

Jaldwar (Watergate). The said Jalpatra may be cleaned

every day with hot water so that the acid being gathered

in the pipe etc. may not be gathered/ accrued.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.,"Consideration of the issue of

constantly being Sandstone

garland etc on the ‘Jyotirling

of Bhagwan (the God).","Constant Jalabhishek (water ablution) is done to the

Bhagwan Mahakaleshwar from 06 O’clock

morning till 4.30 PM in the evening. For this purpose, a

big garland etc may remain constantly

on the ‘Jyotirling of Bhagwan’ so that

water, milk etc may not fall directly on the Jyotirling.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6.,"Consideration of the issue of a

test of water, milk, and

articles etc.","f a test of water, milk, and articles etc. This suggestion

in the meeting that the articles and materials from which

the worship etc of Bhagwan Mahakaleshwar

crowd every day, all these may be tested once, from which

this fact may be clear that which material is

positive/suitable for the Jyotirling and which materially

affects the Jyotirling negatively.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.,For Archaeological Survey of India,"1. Shri Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director,

(Archaeologist), ASI, Central Region, Bhopal 2. Dr.

V.K.Saxena, Director (Science), (Archaeological Chemist),

ASI, Science Branch, Dehradun",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.,For Geological Survey of India,"1. Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi, Dy. Director, General, State

Unit, Madhya Pradesh, GSI,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Bhang (Cannabis),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Abir or Gulal,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Kanku or Kumkum,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Fruit juices,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Bhasm/ Ashes of cow dunks cake,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Oil lamps, Dhoop or incense sticks",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.2. Natural Weathering of sandstone A: Water Â​ A major cause of the decay of stone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

B: Biological decay or Biodeterioration of stone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.3. Examination of the Mahakal Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A: General Observation of the Jyotirlinga,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

B: Drainage facilities for the disposal of the liquids and solids,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

C: Electrical fittings,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.4. Â​Other Observations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

CHAPTER Â​III,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

GEOÂ​SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JYOTIRLINGAM MAHAKALESHWER, UJJAIN",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.1 Introduction,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlingam,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2.1 Visual observation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2.2 Studies based instrument,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2.2(a) Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2.2(b) Portable XRF studies,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.3 Water analysis by portable water analysis kit and ICPÂ​MS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Instruments,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.3.1 Ash analysis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4 Discussion and interpretation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.1 Extent of weathering,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.2 Causative factor,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.3 Weathering through ages,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

CHAPTERÂ​ IV,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

B: REMEDIAL MEASURES DETAILS OF ANNEXURES,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

I.Worship schedule and offering material of Jyotirlingam,Mahakaleshwer Temple, Ujjain",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

II.Spectroscopy study of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer temple,Madhya Pradesh, XRF Study of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer Temple, Ujjain",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

III(a) Approximate chemical analysis of Lingam rock by portable XRF instrument,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

IV(a) Chemical analysis of water samples from Mahakaleshwer temple premises, Ujjain",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(b) Trace element analysis in water samples from Mahakaleshwer premises Ujjain,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

IV(c) Chemical analysis of bhashma offered to Jyotirlingam: and ash samples from Mahakal temple,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.1 INTRODUCTION: On the direction of the Additional Solicitor General of India, the Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, in his office letter no. 33/BO/2017ÂM dated 24.8.2017 recommended",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

names of undersigned for the Committee to assess the deterioration of Shivalinga of Mahakal Temple at Ujjain and to prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

place during lost threeÂfour decades, if any, and the measures/steps/precautions to be taken to ensure this deterioration/ shrinkage of the Lingam stops. Beside that to study the other structures and also the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to the overall improvement of the entire premise and for its preservation. In pursuance of the direction, the temple known as Mahakal or Mahakaleshwar at",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ujjain was inspected by the Committee Members jointly on 7.9.2017.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Before putting the observation on the assessment of the Shivalinga and temple of Mahakal and other subsidiary shrines inside the premise it was felt inevitable by the committee to highlight its Archaeological,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Historical and religious significance so that, on that perspective, an assessment could be made.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In Ujjain, Mahakal temple is located in the west of the city on the bank of River Kshipra in ancient time that area was known as Mahakala Vana (Mahakal forest). It is 192 km west of capital city Bhopal and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

takes around three hours by road journey from Bhopal to reach here.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mahakal temple is one of the most venerated temples known by this name and one of the twelve famous Jyotirlingas shrines of the country.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.2 RELIGIOUS AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The grandiose of Mahakal and Ujjain / Avanti occurs equally in the ancient texts of Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jaina sects. Avanti has been referred as country and Ujjain as its capital in the ancient texts. The",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

first name of ""Avanti ""is liter in the Yajurveda for the meaning of protection. It is said that Ujjain was also named as Avanti and this name is nomenclatured after the name of Avanti: a son of Kartaviryaarjuna of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mahishamati kingdom. In Meghadut of Kalidasa, Abhidhanchintamani and in Naradapurana it was termed as Avantika, Avantikapuri, Avantinagari or Avantikapur, Vishala, Pushkarandini, Nandini, Amravati,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Kanakashringa, Kushasthali, Padmavati, Kumudvati, and Pratikalpa. It is believed, existed in six kalpas and in each Kalpa it was called as Swarnashringa, Kushasthali, Avantika, Amravati, Chudamoni, and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Padmawati. In kathasaritsagara, it is mentioned that Ujjain was called in four names in four yugas like Padmavati Bhogawati, Hiranyawati, and Ujaini. In Kuvalayamala its name is referred as Kushal Nagari.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It is said that during the churning of the sea by the gods and demons then begun the wild scramble for immortality with the demons chasing the gods across the skies and in the process, a few drops of nectar",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

were split and fell at Hardwar, Prayag, Nasik, and Ujjain.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There are different meanings of ""Ujjain' and 'Ujhain"". It means protection, a tradition wherein people worshipped Indra for rain, in Gujarati and Prakrit it means a picnic, in Sanskrit, it is called as udyan or garden.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In the north Himalayan region, it means attempt for any special task while in the Malwa tradition this word is called when people worship Lord Indra by keeping fast for rain.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

ln Pali language it is called Ujani, in Prakrit Ujaiyani, Ptolemy referred it as Ozen, HuenÂTsang calls it Ujayana, Arab geographer referred it as Ujjhen and in the coins, name occurred as Ujani. In the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mrichchakatika play of Sudraka of 5th century AD, Ujjain was inhabited by various communities viz. Shakas, Tushars, Greeks, Persians, Magadha, Kirata, Kalinga, Bongo, Mahishak, Chole, Pandya, trader of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Kerala and several prostitutes.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In the Skandapurana there are references to seven seas or Saptasagaras mentioned as Pushkar Sagara, Kshira Sagara, Goverdhan Sagara. Rantnakar Sagara, Vishnu Sagara, Purishottama Sagara and Rudra",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Sagara. The Rudra Sagara is mentioned in the Mahakal Vana (nearby the Mahakal temple). As a religious city, Ujjain occupied the same place as of the Benaras, Goya, Mayapuri, and Kanchipuram. By the 6th",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

century BC, Avanti with its capital at Ujjain is mentioned in Buddhist literature as one of the four great powers along with Vatsa, Kosala, and Magadha. Ujjain locates on the ancient trade route which connected",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

north India to the south via Mathura UjjainMahishmati Paithan and then to western Asia. Periplus gave the accounts of Ujjain referred by him as Ozene is to the east of Barygaza (Broach) which fed all,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

commodities of the trade like onyx, porcelain, fine muslins. mellow coloured muslins and cotton, spikenard and costusbodellium. In the Udaipur, prashasti mentions Vakati I of Paramara dynasty as the king of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Avanti and they are said to form their capital at Mahakala vana at present Ujjain. The Mahipal and his kalachuri confederate Bhamana deva are said to have conquered the territory up to banks of Narmada,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

including Ujjain and Dhar. The downfall of this wealthy city begun in 1234 with the invasion of IItutamish of Slave dynasty of Delhi who along with the, also dismantled Mahakafa temple and in search of treasure",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

he dismantled Shivalinga from the jaladhari or pithika and thrown into kotitirtha and picked up golden idols including idol of Vikramaditya and brought to Delhi.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

During the time of Mughal king Akbar, a city wall was constructed around the city for the defense of Ujjainisand Nandi Darwaja, Kaliadeh Darwaja, Sati Darwaja, Dewas darwaja and Indore darwaja were the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

various entrances to the city.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In 1658 a battle took place near Ujjain in which Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur who was fighting on behalf of Prince Dara.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Thereafter Sawai Jai Singh was made governor of Malva by Muhammad Shah who built an observatory and several other temples over there. In the 17th century, this region of Malwa came under the sway of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Maratha who constructed numbers of temples in Ujjain and modern Ujjain came into existence. During this period the artists especially painters of Poona and Kangra styles flourished their art in the structures of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ujjain and distinctive wooden carving on the balconies and galleries were decorated in Ujjain. Thereafter this legendary city of Ujjain came under the control of Scindias from 1750Â 1810. Ramoji Scindia was,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

powerful Sardar of Maratha who made Ujjain the capital of Malwa. He remained always busy in the wars hence his diwan Ramachandra baba look after the affairs of Ramoji Scindia. On the information,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

supplied by the local brahmins regarding dumping of Shivalinga into the kotitirtha by Iltutamisha, Ramachandra baba exposed that Shivalinga and installed inside the main place and constructed temple over the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

original place. Thus present temple is of Maratha period. In 1810 Doulat Rao Scindia shifted his capital at Gwalior and subsequently, Ujjain lost its commercial importance.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.3 PREVALENCE OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN UJJAIN,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

As stated above that Ujjain is a very ancient city of great religious and heritage significance even today there are numbers of temples with living tradition existing over here preserving both tangible and intangible,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

heritage of the country. Apart from the Mahakal temple, other known temples in Ujjain are 84 temples dedicated to Lord Shiva in different names as below;",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1: Augusteshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2: Gurihshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3: Dudeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4: Damrukeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5: Anadikalpeshwor Mahodev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6: Swaranjaleshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

7: Tivisthpeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8: Kapaleshwar Mahdev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

9: Swargdwareshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10: Karkotakeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11: Siddheshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12: Lokapaleshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13: Kameshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14: Kutumbeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

15: Indradumneshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

16: Ishaneshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

17: Apsareshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

18: Kolkleshwor Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

19: Nagchandreshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

20: Pratihareshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

21: Kukuteshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

22: Karkateshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

23: Meghnadeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

24: Mahalayeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

25: Mukteshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

26: Someshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

27:Anarkeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

28: Jateshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

29: Rameshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

30: Chavaneshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

31: Khandeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

32: Pattaneshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

33: Anandeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

34: Kanthadeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

35: Indraeshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

36: Markandeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

37: Shiveshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

38: Kusumeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

39: Akrureshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

40: Kundeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

41: Lumpeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

42: Gangaeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

43: Angarkeshwar Mahadev.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

44: Utaareshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

45: Trilochaneshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

46: Veereshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

47: Nripeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

48: Abhayeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

49: Prithukeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

50: Sthavareshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

51: Shooleshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

52: Onkareshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

53: Shree Vishveshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

54: Kanheshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

55: Singheshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

56: Revanteshwora Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

57: Ghanteshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

58: Prayageshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

59: Siddheshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

60: Matangeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

61: Soubhageshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

62: Rupeshara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

63: Sahastradhanukeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

64: Pashupateshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

65: Brahameshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

66: Jalpeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

67: Kedareshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

68: Pishachamukteshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

69: Sangameswar Mohadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

70: Dudhareshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

71: Yogeshwar Mahadev.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

72: Chandradityayeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

73: Karbheshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

74: Rajsthaleshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

75: Badleshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

76: Aruneshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

77: Pushpadanteshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

78: Abhimukteshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

79: Hanumanteshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

80: Swapneshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

81: Pingleshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

82: Kayavarohaneshwar Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

83: Bitkeshwar Mahadev, Durdureshwar Mahadev.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

These Mahadeva's temples are in the Ujjain city itself while out of eightyÂfour the temples of four are within the same premise of the Mahakaleshwara temple. These are Anadikalpeshwara Mahadev,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Thrivisthapreshwara Mahadev, Chandradityeshwara Mahadev, and Swapneshwara Mahadev.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Besides Shiva temples in the city, there are nine temples dedicated to lord Vishnu known by ""Nau Narayana"" (nine Narayana) are; 1: Ananta Narayana, 2: Satya Narayana, 3: Purushottama Narayana, 4: Adi",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Narayana 5: Shesha Narayana, 6: Padma Narayana, 7: Laxmi Narayana, 8: Badri Narayana, 9: Chaturbhuja Narayana.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Other religious and heritage places are Avanti devi temple,Bade Ganesh temple, Harsiddhi Shakti Peeth, Ramghat, Datta Akhada, Chaubis Khamba, Gopal Temple, Yogeshwar tekri (Tope), Nagar kot Maharani",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

temple, Chaunsath Yogini, Sandipani Ashram, Mangalnath, Angareshwor, Ramajanardan temple, Chitragupta temple, Gada Kalika temple, Vindhyavasini temple, Tomb of Matsyanath, Bhrutahari cave,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Kalbhairava temple, Siddhvatta, Kaliadehmahal, Ashtachiranjivi, Rinmukteshwar, Aagyabetal, Veer Durgadas ki chhatri, Vedshala, Chintamani Ganesha, Novagriha temple, Iskon temple, Ramanujakot, and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Archaeological Museum.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The site of ancient Ujjain is not however identical with the modern city of Ujjain. As the time passed, the soÂcalled Mahakal vana converted into a populous city while the ancient city is now a desolate waste",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and known as Garh which is situated at the north of the modern city of Ujjain and converted into a tabled land of about 9 Â​ 15 m above the adjoining plain.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The excavation carried out in the preÂindependent era and after was done in a different location nearby the city. In the first excavation of the site in Ujjain in 1938Â39 Garde, its archaeological potentiality was",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

proved by the findings of a large miscellany of coins, terracotta, beads, and pottery etc. after that further excavation was carried out in vaishya tekri, kumhar tekri and pallevali or kankar tekri where excavation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

yielded brick stupas. In the Kumahar tekri, other antiquities were also recovered dated of 1st century BC. Thereafter further excavation was carried out in 1955Â​58 and 1964Â​65.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In 1955  58, Site of excavation was chosen at Garh Kalika mound where significant result was found in; period I; 750 to 500 BC; black and red ware, bright redware, double slipware and few sherds of PGW",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and remains of rampart and remains of mud brick fortification of about 74.67 to 197 m wide enclosed by moat, evidence of road of 7.32 m wide, other objects of iron which may go back about 1000 BC. In period",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11, NBPW with the association of thick grey ware and unslipped redware remains of structure made of mud, mud brick and stone rubble, ring wells, punch mark coins and ivory seal bearing inscription dated 2nd",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

century BC was obtained. In period III, evidence included antiquities and remains dated in three phases i.e. from Sunga, Satvahana, Kushana, and Gupta period (200 BCÂSOO AD). From late Gupta to early",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Parmara period (500ADÂ 900 AD) and from Parmara to Muslim (900 Â 1300 AD). In the period IV, apart from other antiquities coins of Aurangazeb, Shah Alam, Daulat Rao Scindia and Jankoji Rao Scindia",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

were recovered.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In 1964Â​ 65 excavations a small structure of limestone basin was found associated with NBP.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.5 MAHAKAL TEMPLE AND PREMISE: There are total 142 small and large temples including Mahakal temple inside the temple premise, of them, some are raised independently on the floor of the premise",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and some attached in the niches and cells of the main and other temples but all are counted and venerated separately. At the southÂwest of the Mahakal temple has Anadikalpeshwar Mahadev temple on a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

slightly raised platform now converted into a new construction in red stone flooring all around the temple and steps at the north side for reaching to the temple. This temple also faces east and consists of a Nandi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

mandapa, saonotnorciooa, mandapa, and garbhagriha. Garbhgriha enshrines a Shivalinga within jaladhari. The garbhagriha, mandapa, and pillars of sabhamandapa and Nandi mandal appear old while the roof of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the latter two are new constructions and painted in pink colour.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the right of the Anadikalpeshwar temple has Briddhakaleshwar temple on the same level of floor as the former laid in red stone flooring like Anadikalpeshwar, this temple is also repaired with unmatched",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

paintings on the roof of main shikhara and mandapa, while on the walls of mandapa, new stones are added in between the pillars to cover the mandapa.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Just backside of the Briddhakaleshwar temple is a small shrine constructed only to enshrine an old sculpture of Lord Vishnu which is now in a poor state of preservation as a thick patina of oil and other offering,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

material has been developed over this image.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the east side of the Anadikalpeshwar and Briddhakaleshwar temples are other shrines of various dimensions dedicated to different deities. All these are painted in pink and red colors. They all are raised on,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the different level of the floor covered in red stone flooring. All the shrines are more or less modified with marble, red stone, and modern tile flooring and paintings of many different colors especially at the inner",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

sides of the shrines. In some of the temples like Balavijaya Maruti temple whole interior and exterior has been changed with modern tiles used on the floor and walls.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the west side of the Mahakal temple is kotitirtha (ancient pond) surrounded by the modern structures and dharamshalas at north, west and south sides. In between the kotitirtha and structures, there is a",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

sufficient space developed with stone steps all around for leading to the kotitirtha. Besides that, numbers of miniature shrines raised in four pillars and topped by round dome like shikhara enshrining each with",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Shivalinga, are built around the pond indicating of kotitirtha (innumerable pilgrimage).",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Beside that numbers of small shrines are raised at the front side (eastÂ​north) of the main temple in varying sizes and dimensions.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The garbhagriha (sanctum) of Mahakal appears basically a cave enshrined with Shivalinga. It is quite deep below the ground level. There is no physical evidence available there about the construction of original,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

temple, but as of now, the temple existing over the main sanctum is of very late period probably of Maratha period (18th century AD) wherein some of the traits of bhumija style of Parmara period appears",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

adopted in the walls and shikhara of the shrine. Therefore, it can be inferenced that prior to this temple of Maratha period, here was the temple in the Bhumija style of which traits were adopted in the present",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

temple.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Over the sanctum, Mahakal temple faces east, supported by total 48 pillars arranged in 7 rows but when sanctum, where the main Jyotirlingam enshrines, is entered, it can be reached from two the narrow",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

passages from east and west sides through two doorframes on the south and the north sides. The general public is allowed to enter through north side doorframe while south doorframe has been used by the staff,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and VIPs for entering into the garbhagriha (sanctum). The south side doorframe is composed of three shakhas and is approached by a flight of steps down to the ground floor whence another doorframe of plain,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

design opens at south into the garbhgriha.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the north side, doorframe, plain in design, has cladded in silver metal and ornamented in religious figurines, symbols and canopied by snake at the fintel.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In the premise, Mahakal temple occupies a central place. Besides that, there are about 142 other temples in small and large size constructed within the premise. Of them Briddhakaleshwar and Anadikalpeshwar",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

temples are considerably larger and almost corresponding in core style and both locates at south of the Mahakal temple, other dedicated to Sakhshigopal, Veerbhadra Mahadev, Ichcha Ganesh, Mangalnath",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Avantikadevi, Koteshwar Mahadev, Rakeshwar Mahadev, Suryamukhi Hanuman, Balahanuman, Bhadrakali, Siddha tantra, Ram mandi, Narsimha, Nilakantheshwar, Kashivishvanath, Annapurna Devi,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Gayatridevi, vitthalnath ere are small. Mahakal temple is constructed in three floors above the ground floor. Each floor at the front is provided by a portico supported with pillars.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The underground floor is dedicated to the Mahakal wherein garbhagriha enshrines a shivalinga, ground floor to Omkareshwar wherein another small shivaling enshrines, the first floor has a cell, and second",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

consists of a sanctum with Shivallinga, also a sculpture of Nagchandreshwar is placed inside a niche on the north wall of the 2nd floor and covered by a glass window.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the south side at the ground floor, a doorframe opens into narrow steps leading to the 1st and 2nd floors which appear not for general public but only for pujaris for worshipping Nagchandreshwar. It appears",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

that prior to Maratha period whole temple might have constructed in parmara style and when fallen it was probably attempted to restore in the same style but could not be adopted in ditto, therefore, a new",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pushpa had evolved with a blend of Parmara  Maratha style. Architecturally, the temple can be classified into three broad part from below to top consisting of vedibandha, jangha, and shikhara. From the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

ground, each projection raises equally up to the jangha and then to the top where it terminates into a large finial. On the ground floor, there is each portico provided on the north, west and south sides to enter the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

sanctum of this floor by doorframe of plain design. There is no extraordinary decoration on the outer walls except moldings at lower walls and miniature shrines at the shikhara. At the ground level whole temple,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

has been supported with 48 pillars on front side and pilasters on the corners of the walls.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.6: Â​ CONDITION OF GARBHAGRIHA AND JYOTIRLINGA/ SHIVLINGA/ LINGAM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In the ground floor, the garbhogriho of Mahakal is almost a square cell measuring 4.16 x 4.16 m enshrining with a Shivalinga within jaladhari with silver encasing measuring a length of 2.08 m and dia in 1.27 m.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Generally, the mouth of jaladhari opens into the north side but here it opens at the east direction.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The inner walls and ceiling of the sanctum are cladded with the silver sheets and decorated with different religious symbols and images and niches on the east, west and north walls are provided and enshrined",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

with a metal sculpture of Kartikeya, Ganesha, and Goddess Parvati respectively and they are in folkish style. In 1996 these sculptures made of silver were placed inside the niches which earlier were in marble",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

stones.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A silver sheet embossed with tracery has been provided on walls of the garbhgriha in 2016. The walls are tracered in two parts; the lower half with the motifs of (+) design while upper with the motifs of Pushpa,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Kalasha, trishula, swasthik, ardhachandra, shankha, dhanushaÂ​Bana, gada, kamandal, Nandi, chimta, swastika dwaja, Simha and such many other religious symbols.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ceiling has been interestingly incised with Rudrayantra of 271 distichs. We were informed by the local Pujaris that this silver ceiling has been provided in 1996 when earlier ceiling which was of silver plaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

inlayed with stones, were fallen. The yantra was recreated in the same style as it was in original and installed in the silver sheet and fixed slightly upward than the earlier one.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There are two silver lampÂstands (deepdaan) inside the garbhagriha on either side of the Shivalinga which originally are of stone but encased in brass. In 1994 brass encasing of both were replaced with silver,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

cladding.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.7 A: Â​SHIVALINGA, MODIFICATION, AND EFFECT",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Shivalinga/ Jyotirlinga of Mahakal is considered as sthavara or Achala and Swayambhulinga or Uttamottamalinga (most superior linga). In the kamikagama, Swayambhulinga is described as one which rose up",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and came into existence by itself and had existed from time immemorial. As such even if such type of linga is slightly damaged they need no jirnodhwaro (resetting up).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In the garbhagriha sandstone shivaling is directly rose at the center and within the jaladhari (Saluka ) facing east. It is 67.5 cms in height and 42.97 cms India within the jaladhari of 127 cms India and 208 cms in,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

length. In 28.12.1924 portion of Jalandhari of silver which cost 12 and was stolen from the main temple, another jaladhari of silver were installed in 20.9.1925 along with a brass parapet (Katra) around the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

shivalinga. In 1994 again brass parapet donated by the devotee was replaced with silver. There is no brahamasutra line found on the east surface of the shivalinga rather in place of it, two semiÂround lines at the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

bottom are, in such a way that one line comes within the other. This sort of line appears natural not by the manÂmade. On the same side, the depressions have occurred on the bottom and lower side. On the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

west surface of shivalinga, depressions are noticed at the bottom and lower side while on the upper side they are least. On the north side, there is no depression noticed. On the south side. whence devotees can",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

have a view the Shivalinga from the hall, there is no such depression noticed except a round delve on the bottom occurred due to chipped off.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There is a tradition of sixÂtime worships performed in a day inside the garbhogriha and it is called as Bhasma Arti, Datyodak, Bhoga Arti, sandhya pooja, sandhya arti and shayana arti. These worships the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

starting from early morning to night between 4Â6 am, 7 Â 7:45 am, 10 Â 10:45 am, 5 Â 5:45 pm, 7 Â 7:45 pm and 10Â 10:45 pm respectively. The main ingredients offered in the pooja are water, milk, curd,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

honey, ghee and sugar, liquid perfume, a pest of sandalwood, pest of cannabis and flowers. In the first morning pooja apart from these, the ash of dry cowÂ​dung has sprinkled over the shivalinga at the last.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There are 37 families of Brahmins of Ujjain who are responsible for conducting pooja in the temple in a traditionally scheduled time and for each pooja, at least 3 to 5 Poojaris are deployed at a time and in special",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

occasion more are deployed.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

B: Â​ MORNING WORSHIP AND MATERIAL USED IN THE WORSHIP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A group of Brahmins attends the Mahakal pooja at morning hour wherein at least five Brahmins take part. Morning worship of Lord Mahakal is very interesting. It starts at around 4 am daily and for that,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

devotees remains in the queue since early midnight so that they could have a view of the god and pour a lota of water over the Shivalinga.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

At the beginning every devotee pours water over Shivalinga one by one and then worship starts with chanting of mantras and offering of doodh (milk), shakkor (sugar), dahi (curd), shahad (honey), panchamrita",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(mixture of five], gangajal and at last itra (liquid perfume) over the linga (liquid perfume) over the linga.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

After offering of all these stuff, shivalinga is cleaned by the water then process of decoration begins followed by putting handful pile of cooked rice on the top of the shivalinga then three garlands one by one",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

around the pile, preparing of forehead by using pest of sandalwood, then pundarika, eyes, nose, lips etc. The eyes are decorated by putting silver pieces and lips by Vermilion, thus a face of Shiva is prepared",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

towards the south side of linga whence it can be viewed by devotees seating at the south side hall. At least five Brahmins attend the pooja of them one does this ornamentation, other perform other activities like",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

giving articles (samagri) to him, cleaning and bringing other parts of the sanctum and providing other articles of worship (pooja samagris) into the garbhagriha. After completing decoration, a garment is worn over",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the Shivalinga in such a way that top and sides the while face remains open. Then kundala, kapalamala made of silver are worn followed by a chhatra, over the Shivalinga, made of same metal. After that",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

worship begins by offering dhoop with a dhoopadan made of silver. After that Shivalinga is covered by a garment and one of the Pujari made an announcement that lady devotee may avoid to see the Shivalinga,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

now, because they were going to pour dry ash of cow dung (bhasma) over the Shivalinga. , is a kind of indication of digamber (nude) form of Shiva that's why lady devotees are called to veil. By doing so poojari",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

takes a bale of ash in his right hand and sprinkles over the Shivalinga till it is finished and for that, it takes around five to seven minutes while the whole process of pooja takes more than one and half hour to",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

finish.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

At last, Shivalinga is cleared from the articles offered over the linga and ornamentation and one by one Arti added earlier for decoration is removed and it is cleaned again by the plain water. Thereafter group of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

ladies of the city enter the garbhagriha to offer milk over the lingo followed by other devotes, thus the order of coming devotees and pouring milk over the redware begins whole day except the pooja hours as",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

referred above. In the pooja of 5 pm, the decoration of the lingo is again done almost in the same pattern as stated above while in the rest four pooja at 7 am, 10 am, 7 pm and 10 pm decoration is not done.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

As per the information provided by the temple poojari the offering material used in the morning pooja includes; milk (5 litre) curd (1 kg), ghee (1 kg), honey (1 kg), sugar (250 grams), sandalwood paste (100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

grams), cannabis (100 grams), liquid perfume, abeer (100 gram), gulaal (100 grams), kanku (100 grams), rice (250 grams), garland (5 nos), flowers (1 kg), vilvapatra (1008 nos), gangajal, gulabjal, juice of fruits (5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

kg), coconut water (1 litre) and juice of sugarcane (litre). For the decoration of lingo cannabis (1 kg), cashew nut (250 gram), almond (250 grams), pistachios (250 grams) and chooroli (250 grams).",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

fat,Protein,Ash,Total dissolve solid,Lactose,pH,"Total plate count (cfu/ml)

(107 )",Total coli form count,,,,,,,,,,,

3.60

±","3.27 ±

0.43","0.68±

0.02","15.63

0.1","4.73±0.

01","5.05

±",7.68 ±0.01,2.32±0.11,,,,,,,,,,,

0.50,,,,,0.21,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2,Colour,Dark half of White,Light of amber,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3,Moisture,17.2,16.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4,Laevulose,38.19,31.80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5,Dextrose,31.28,26.08,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6,Sucrose,1.31,0.80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

7,Maltose,7.31,8.80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8,High Sugar,1.50,4.70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

9,pH,3.91,4.45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10,Free acidity,22.03,49.07,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11,Lactones,7.11,5.08,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12,Total acidity,29.12,54.88,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13,Ash,0.16,0.73,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

S No.,Seasonal Fruits (Juice),pH,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1,Cheekoo,5.36,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2,Plums,3.60-Â​4.30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3,Apple,3.30Â​-4.00,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4,Mango,3.40Â​-4.80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5,Watermelon,5.18Â​-5.60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6,Pineapple,3.20Â​-4.00,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

7,Pomegranate,2.93Â​-3.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8,Papaya,5.20-Â​6.00,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

9,Guava,3.6Â​-4.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10,Orange,3.30Â​-4.19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11,Grapes,3.00Â​-3.75,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12,Sugarcane,5.2Â​6.8 (Crude Juice 3A),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13,Coconut water,1.5Â​-5.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

However, macro and microbiological species may cause both mechanical and chemical damage to the substrate but in the present context, the chemically induced damage is important to be considered. Some of",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the metabolites may be chelating and some may have a different affinity of reaction to certain metals elements.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

As during the rituals and Abhishekas milk/ curd/ or any other milk/ fruit product are used, the bacterial action is generally expected on the stone if the fermented products rich in certain species of bacteria are not",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

washed away at regular interval of time.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Different species of Lactobacillus bacteria are generally present in milk products and under optimum conditions i.e. suitable temperature and humidity, they start to multiply with appreciable rate utilizing the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

lactose a good nutrient for bacteria present in the milk products. During the process of multiplication of the bacteria and consequent fermentation process, lactic acid is expected to be released in different",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

quantity in the solution. If this fermented product is not discarded or utilized, it may result in the formation of a byÂproduct of more acidic nature which may be more injurious to the substrate. General Chemical",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

reaction involved in the process is given below.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

C12H22O11 + H20 Lactose -------------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Galactose Glucose,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

C6H12O Galactose ---------------------- OH COOH Lactic Acid,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Other species of bacteria (Sulphur and Nitrogen) are also expected to grow in the stagnant medium rich in cellulosic material and carbohydrate.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The large amount of flowers, Bilva Patra and other materials offered by the devotees to the Jyotirlinga when not removed with a periodical interval, attract bacterial action on these materials. This bacterial action",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

may also be injurious to the stone including sandstone because mild acid products released through the metabolic activities of microÂorganisms may react with the metal ions of the sandstone very easily causing,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

disintegration of the substrate through leaching of the cementing material.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.3. EXAMINATION OF THE MAHAKAL JYOTIRLINGA AND GARBHGRIHA:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The Jyotirlinga was carefully examined by the team on 7th September 2017 after the Bhasm Aarti in order to make an assessment with regard to its decay due to the use of different materials during rituals. We,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

have also been present during the early morning Bhasm Aarti to record the process of this great ritual and to have information about the ingredients generally used during the puja.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A: General Observations of the Jyotirlinga:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There is only one entrance door on the Southern side for the devotees to enter in the Garbhgriha and there is no room for Parikrama around the Jyotirlinga. All the devotees offer materials for rituals and do,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Abhishekas on the Jyotirlinga from the Western and Northern side of the Garbhgriha. Jyotirlinga is fixed on a circular pedestal of silver metal. It was not possible to visualize the bottom portion of the Lingam and,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

its depth under the floor surface. The dimension of the lingam above the pedestal has already been discussed earlier. As far as general conservation status of the Jyotirlinga is concerned, chipping of the polished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

layer may be seen mostly on the eastern and western side having caused depressions or pits. These characteristics may be seen elsewhere also on the lingam.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The top of the Jyotirlinga appears to have good polish but on the southern side the polish has been considerably damaged and fine minerals of sandstone are exposed. The polish on the top of the lingam is difficult,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

to differentiate if it is the original polish or has been developed and is maintained due to the rubbing of the offering materials on the Lingam particularly on the top portion during the Bhasm Aarti. A halfÂspherical,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

chipped off the mark on the stone is visible on the Southern side and two parallel spherical marks originated from top of the lingam moving downwards on the Eastern side.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The team has also witnessed that liters of water / Ganga jal are offered by the devotees daily. Good quantity of milk, curd, a small quantity of honey, ghee and other materials are also Katra during the Bhasm",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Aarti including a lot of flowers and belpatra. However, during the Abhishekas of Jyotirlinga, water/Ganga jal is supposed to wash away the milk products and carbohydrates but at many places especially on the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

bottom of the lingam, we have observed thick accumulation of sticky, slimy fermented byproducts of milk including carbohydrates. This accumulation is expected to invite bacterial action if not, washed away",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

regularly. The bacterial action on the stone is, however, a slow process but expected to cause damage to the substrate if not controlled in time. The bacterial action on the flowers and other offering materials",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

may also invite fungal growth which in combination with the bacterial action may be more harmful to the substrate. Bhang is also offered to the Jyotirlinga during the Bhasm Aarti but the bhang paste generally,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

contains alkaloids and phenolic compounds which are not expected to cause damage to the stone. The presence of alkaloids and phenolic compounds rather help to control biodegradation as these compounds also,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

show antibacterial and antifungal properties. The offering of Bhasm and other powder offering materials are expected to have certain chemical compounds, the rubbing of which on the lingo may cause damage",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

to the top layer of the stone. The offering of fruit juices is also expected to be injurious to the stone because of their low PH value and acidic characters.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The sealing of joints around the Jyotirlinga has been observed to be severely damaged which may be a cause for infiltration of offerings including water which may also lead to bacterial action and moisture,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

related damage to the stone.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The Marble flooring has also developed pits most likely a sign of deterioration as a result of cumulative actions of all deteriorating factors.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The walls of Garbhgriha are now covered with a silver metal sheet which has lost original polish. As far as general ambiance of Garbhagriha is concerned, the average temperature between 4 A.M to 6 A.M has",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

been recorded as 23.5 o C and humidity as 78%. The high percentage of the humidity is also important as retention of moisture within the Garbhagriha creates favorable conditions for biological activities. This,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

also keeps the Jyotirlinga wet throughout the day which is a negative feature as far as the decay of the lingam is concerned.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

B: Drainage Facility for the Disposal of the liquids and Solids:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The committee has observed that all the liquid and solid waste are generally collected through drainage in a small pit outside the Garbhagriha from where these are pumped out with the help of the electrical,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

motor.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It would be appropriate if this disposal system is improved so that humidity level in the vicinity of the Garbhgriha is maintained suitably and cleanliness may be ensured in the surrounding area.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(C) Electrical fittings in the Garbhgriha also demand major renovation keeping in view the safety reasons and to make the environment of the Garbhgriha more healthy and pleasing.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.4 OTHER OBSERVATIONS:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Besides the Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha of the Mahakal Temple, following observations have also been made by the Committee and the Committee feels that action may be taken for better Conservation and",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Preservation of ancient structures and stone figures. Periodical Inspections, Preventive conservation, and Preservation may be ensured for such ancient stone figures of religious importance.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

CHAPTERÂ​ III,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

GEOÂ​SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LINGAM MAHAKALESHWER UJJAIN, MP",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.1 Introduction:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In the proceeding of Court No 10 of Honorable Supreme court of India, SLP Civil No 15459 of 2017.Upon hearing the counsel and on the proposal submitted of Learned Additional Solicitor General Shri Tushar",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mehta, the Court made the following committee from GSI and ASI comprise of Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi and Shri L.L. Vishwakarma from GSI and Shri Madan Mohan Chouhan and Dr. V.K. Saxena from ASI",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

to study / survey/ analysis examine Mahakaleshwer Jyotilingam of Ujjain (MP) and to prepare a report containing the rate of which the deterioration in the size of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Lingam is taking place, if any, and the measures/steps/precautions to be taken to ensure that this deterioration/shrinkage of Lingam stops. The Committee also study the other structures and the temple and submit",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

what steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation. The Committee makes a study and reports inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

during the last threeÂ​four decades and what remedial steps have to Sardar.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The committee Members of ASI and GSI jointly visited Ujjain on 7.9.2017 to assess the deterioration of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer and to discuss the scope of the area of work for the GSI and ASI team.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The GSI will carry out identification of rock type and its composition of Jyotirlingam workout causes of deterioration in the size of Jyotirlingam if any and suggest remedial measure. ASI will study the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

archaeological and conservational aspect of the temple premises, apart from carrying out chemical studies of offering material to the Jyotirlingam",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Geological Survey of India, Bhopal team has assessed the limitation and accordingly methodology and instrumentation has been selected for the detailed study of the lingam rock. Since rock sample cannot be",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

taken out from the Jyotirlingam for detail studies, therefore, visual observation, as well as studies based on nonÂdestructive methods like remote sensing technique with an instrument named Spectroradiometer,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

was adopted to identify the rock and ascertain its composition. The instrument as well as two expert scientists from Nagpur office were called. The Nagpur team was reached Ujjain on 10/9/2017 and carried out,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

his work on 11/9/2017. The team has collected spectral signature of lingam rock and matched with standard spectral signature available with spectral library of CHQ of GSI, Kolkata.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Another nonÂdestructive method by portable XRF studies of lingam rock was felt necessary to cross checks the identification made by the remote sensing technique. Therefore, one portable XRF instrument",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

along with one scientist was called from GSI, Jaipur. Portable XRF machine was used to collect information on 12/09/2017 at 19 points in Jyotirlingam rock to study the composition of Jyotirlingam rock in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

weathered part as well as on nonÂ​weathered part of Lingam. Based on these studies remedial measures ware worked out to reduce the extent of chemical weathering.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Apart from this water sample, ash samples, samples of offering items like bhang, cow dung were collected and analyzed to ascertain the real cause of chemical weathering and to suggest suitable remedial",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

measure to improve the overall environment of the temple premises ware suggested.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlinga:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2.1 Visual observation: The Shiva Lingam measuring 67 cm in height and 47.97 cm in diameter situated over silver coated Jaladhari of 208x127x30 cm in size. The lingam rock is pinkish buff coloured,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

orthoquartzite similar to quartzite of Vindhayans. It is massive, hard and compact fine to medium grained, well sorted arenaceous quartzite compose of quartz occasionally with minor feldspar with the siliceous",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

matrix. Majority of the grains are quartz along with minor orthoclase giving light pinkish brown shade to the lingam rock. The cementing material is siliceous with minor ferruginous impurities.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

There are traces of two bedding plane on the left side of the lingam rock with a minor change in grain size and composition along these plane. These bedding planes are visualized as an imprint in the forms of a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

slightly depressed linear grooveÂlike structure due to differential weathering, but on the fresh surface exposed in pits developed in lower part of lingam in the eastern side, these imprint of bedding are not visible",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

by naked eyes.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.2.2 Studies based instrument:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(a) Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the basis of visual observation as well as studies based on remote sensing technique with the instrument named,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Spectroradiometer was adopted to identify the rock and ascertain its composition. Two experts Geologist one from GSI Nagpur & another from GSI Kolkata along with Spectroradiometer Instrument have,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

carried out studies of the lingam. The team has collected spectral signature of lingam rock on 11/09/2017 and matched these signature with the standard spectral signature of rocks available in the library at GSI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

headquarter Kolkata. Total 10 no of spectral signature from a different part of the Shiva Lingam was collected. This study also confirms that the Lingam rock is quartzite, mainly composed of quartz, orthoclase",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and a minor amount of mica in the matrix. (b) Portable XRF studies:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Portable XRF studies of lingam rock were felt necessary to crosscheck the identification made by visual observation as well as with the remote sensing technique, therefore one Chemist from GSI Jaipur was",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

called to carry out a study of Lingam with Portable XRF machine. Total 19 observation points were recorded by the instrument on 12/09/2017 on lingam. The objective of this study was to ascertain the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

approximate composition of lingam rock in weathered part as well as on nonÂweathered part for confirmation of its identification. Based on these studies remedial measures were worked out to reduce the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

extent of chemical weathering. The composition of Lingam rock worked by this instrument conform its sedimentary nature with the presence of minerals of zirconium and titanium in traces. Observation at 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

spots from the instruments over the lingam rock was taken and the silica percent ranges from 66 to 92.6% in 10 samples, out of which 7 spot samples have more than 75% silica. It conforms that the rock is",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

orthoquartzite. Methodology and analytical result are enclosed as AnnexureÂ​III.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.3 Water analysis by portable water analysis kit and ICPÂ​MS Instruments:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Water analysis of the temple premises was carried out at seven selected locations and it was found that the pH value of water being used in the offering is high ranging from 8.4 to 8.7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Water is a universal solvent and dynamic medium which necessitates its analysis. Ionic Product of pure water at 25°C is 1x 1OÂ​14.Water is composed of H+ ion and OHÂ​ ion.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

H2O â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€" H+ + OHÂ​ (Ionic product),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

In pure water of the hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OHÂ) is equal. Hydrogen ion (H+) is responsible for acidity and hydroxyl ion (OHÂ) is responsible for the alkalinity of medium i.e. if hydrogen ion (H+),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

increases in the medium the acidity will increase and if hydroxyl ion (OHÂ) concentration increases in the medium than alkalinity will increase. The H+ and OHÂ concentration is measured in terms of pH value,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

which is the negative logarithm of H+ concentration in water. pH = Â​ Log [H+],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

If any liquid is having pH less than 7 then it will be acidic, and if it is more than, it will be alkaline/ basic in nature. pH 7 is considered neutral.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Weathering of rock increases on exposure to acidic as well as, as well as two expert scientists from Nagpur office, medium as compared to neutral medium; due to increase in electrochemical reaction. On",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

exposure of high silica material to acidic medium have no significant weathering effect but on exposure to basic/alkaline medium weathering increases by following reaction:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

SiO2 + 2KOH â€"> K2SiO3 + H2O,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

On the bacterial decomposition of any organic matter, carbon dioxide gas (C02) releases with the rise of temperature and C02",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

react with water to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3) CO2 + H2O â€"> H2CO3 Sansthan,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Storage tank below lingam produced carbonic acid may react with alkaline water having high pH and up to some extent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

neutralization reaction may happen as: Â​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

H2C02+2KOHÂ​>K2C02+H20+Heat,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The pH of the tank is less than the water of Kotiteerth pond, which is alkaline in nature and deleterious to the siliceous material.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.3.1 Ash analysis:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Three ash samples (1), from Bhasmaaarti of Jyotirlingam, (2), cow dung used for making bhasma in mahakal temple and (3) from Bhopal were analyzed for comparative studies.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Bhasma is being used in the bhasmaaarti range in pH from 9.07 to 10.2 in an aqueous medium having 7 pH; on the other hand, the water of Kotiteerath pond is alkaline in nature. If alkaline water is mix with",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

bhosmo. , the combination will further enhance pH of the medium and produce a more adverse effect on lingam and increase rote of chemical weathering (Annexure IV c).",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Use of cow ghee, milk, curd, honey etc is a regular phenomenon. As a matter of fact pH of some of these articles might induce deterioration but in view of the religious sentiments, the ageÂold practices cannot",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

be stopped, but the amount of the material may be restricted in order to reduce further deterioration. The only effect of these semisolids appears to be their pH value in general pH value of cow milk ranges",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

between 6.6 to 6.8, pH of curd 4.5 to 6.0, pH of coconut water (matured) will be 5.2 and honey may range from 3.9 to 6.0 in pHs",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4 Discussion and interpretation : Â​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Since centuries the temple is a center of attraction to the Hindu society. It was situated on the bank of kshipra River. The great kshipra had changed its course in past it was flowing close to the Mahakal temple,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and gradually shifted its course to the present channel, now local people talk about guptkshipra which flows below the kotiteerath pond and supplying water to the temple premises since years.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.1 Extent of weathering:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The lingam rock is hard and compact medium to fineÂgrained wellÂsorted orthoquartzite as seen in above photos from a different direction. Majority of the grains are quartz along with minor orthoclase giving,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

light pinkish brown colour to the Jyotirlingam rock. The cementing material is siliceous with minor ferruginous impurities. It is hard and compact and sustainable in the ideal natural environment. Close observation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of lingam reveals that there is the signature of chemical weathering on the eastern and western side of the lingam. Observation of day to puja pattern and offering of milk curd, honey bhang etc. as well as the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

traditional ritual it is seen that the effect of chemical weathering is more pronounced in the eastern and western side of the lingam. The northern side (Front, facing devotees) is devoid of any weathering pits.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Similarly, the back side is also least affected by the process of chemical weathering. The causative factors for the localised development of pits are the topic of research for our team. We have gone through the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

ill side effect of offering material and the area affected by the offering.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.2: Causative factor:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(1)The ambiance and climatic parameter of Jyotirlinga room aresomewhat similar to a subtropical climatic condition where alternate wet and dry spell is in practice. The offering supply's bacteria through curd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

organic compound and lodging of these compounds in pits enhance the process of attacking and dissolving cryptocrystalline siliceous cement in the rock resulting in loosing and removal of grains in this way the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

chemical weathering is progressing.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

(2)Silico is stable and inert in most of the form but thecryptocrystalline form of silica is prone to attack by the alkaline substance (like potassium hydroxide KOH) and will dissolve at room temperature in alkaline,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

solution as express in this reaction. (reference from Google).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

SiO2+2KOH=K2Si03+H20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The formation of potassium metaÂ​silicate is the cause of chemical weathering which is soluble in water the rate of reaction is very slow but continuous with the passage of time.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Water quality of the Kotiteerath pond has pH value 8.4 which is alkaline in nature, this water being offered continuously to Lingam rock during Jalabhishek. Ash offered in the bhasmaarti also contains alkaline",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

compound and the pH value of ash in aqueous media using pure water is 9.1 which is highly deleterious to siliceous rock. During Bhashmaarti ash are poured over the lingam and then after water of Kotiteerath,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

are used in jalabhishek which is reacting and producing causative factor to enhance the chemical reaction stated above resulting in the form of chemical weathering and removal of silica grains and development,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of pits in lingam rock.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.3: Weathering through ages:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Though the rate of weathering is very slow and cannot be perceived by single observation as these pits have been spotted 60 years ago when Hon'ble first President of India. Shri Rajendra Prasad and,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Hon’ble first Vice President and second President of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

India, Shri Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan were spotted worshipping of Jyotirlingam in Mahakal temple at Ujjain and the patch of Pits in the eastern side of the Lingam has also been spotted during that time. In a span",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of 60 years, these pits have increased at a slow rate in number and size. (Photo no.5Â8) Projecting the rate of erosion there is no alarming situation at present but some precautions are necessary as a remedial",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

measure to protect the lingam for posterity and manage the deterioration.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

CHAPTER∙ IV,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.The Jyotirlingam rock has been identified as orthoquartzite which is hard and compact and highly siliceous in nature in which the silica content varies from 75Â92% analyzed by portable XRF studies. Apart,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

from visual observation spectral signature by spectroradiometer were collected, matched with the standard signature of orthoquortzite available in GSI, spectral lab.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

TIME,EVENT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

04:00 AM,Opening of Temple door,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

04:00 to 04: 15 AM,"Temple cleaning followed by an offer of Panchamrit (Milk, Curd, Ghee,

Honey and Sugar)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

04: 15 to 04:40AM,"Jalabhishek by Pilgrims (Katitirathpond water), 15 to 20 minutes.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

04:40 to 05:00 AM,Abhishek by Priest (Material list attached).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

05:00 to 05:15 AM,Cleaning and Drying by dry cloths,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

05:15 to 05:30 AM,Decoration.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

05:30 to 05:35 AM,Bhasamaarti (Ash worship) by ash and bearing ornaments.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

06:00 to 6:45 AM,"Again Jalabhishek by pilgrims, water offered.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

06:45 to 07:00AM,Entry closed and cleaning of the temple,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07:00 to 07:15 AM,Worship of other deities,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07: 15 to 07:30 AM,ChandanÂ​AbhishekÂ​after cleaning,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07:30 to 07:45 AM,Aarti,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07:45 to 09:45 AM,Again Jalabhishek by pilgrims (using Ujjain Municipal Supply water),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

09:45 to 10:00 AM,Cleaning.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10: 00 to 10:45 AM,ChandanÂ​abhishek and Bhogaarti,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10: 45 AM to 04:45 PM,MilkÂ​Water Abhishek by Pilgrims and worship,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

05:00 to 05:20 PM,nearÂ​infrared started by panchamrit Abhishek.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

05:20 to 05:45 PM,Decoration by Bhang and Chandan,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

05:45 to 07:00 PM,Dry worship.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07:00 to 07:45 PM,Evening Milk Bhog.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07:45 to 10:30 PM,07:45 to 10:30 PM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

07:45 to 10:30 PM,Sayan Aarti (Sleeping worship).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,"FRONT

FACING

NORTH",,,,,,"BACK

FACING

NORTH",,,,,,,,,,

SPEC

NAME","LING

AM-4","LINGAM

â€" 3","LINGAM

â€" 2","LINGAM

â€" 1

BOTTOM","LINGAM

â€" 6

(CEMENT

ING

PORTION

O F THE

BASE)","LING

AM â€

BAC K5","LINGAM

â€

BACK4

(TOP

MOST)","LINGAM

â€

BACK3","LING

AM

BACK 2","LINGA

M

BACK1

(BOTT

OM

MOST)",,,,,,,,

Mg O (%),0.000 0,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.2208,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

,"5.876

8",6.1319,0.0000,0.7162,5.3121,"8.083

1",6.3068,5.7163,11.731 9,3.4060,,,,,,,,

SiO 2 (%),92.62 79,89.4543,37.1480,13.3846,16.7793,88.73 00,74.7741,74.6217,81.186 2,81.186 2,,,,,,,,

P (%),"0.566

8",0.7992,0.5796,0.4026,0.8395,"0.335

8",0.4442,0.3337,0.3435,0.2922,,,,,,,,

As (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Se (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Rb (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Sr (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Y (%),"0.002

0",0.0025,0.0014,0.0014,0.0000,"0.001

7",0.0010,0.0008,0.0010,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Zr (%),"0.010

9",0.0328,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.009

5",0.0252,0.0142,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Nb (%),0.019 1,0.0195,0.0080,0.0100,0.0104,"0.018

6",0.0119,0.0144,0.0138,0.0096,,,,,,,,

Mo (%),"0.088

9",0.0903,0.0427,0.0481,0.0202,"0.085

6",0.0669,0.0599,0.0814,0.0281,,,,,,,,

Pd (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Ad (%),"0.017

3",0.0178,0.0164,0.0165,0.0101,"0.017

4",0.0170,0.0175,0.0174,0.0155,,,,,,,,

Cd (%),"0.023

4",0.0513,0.0427,0.0485,0.0000,"0.061

3",0.0305,0.0337,0.0568,0.0120,,,,,,,,

Sn (%),0.104 7,0.1021,0.1033,0.1033,0.1021,"0.102

8",0.1029,0.1031,0.1027,0.1036,,,,,,,,

Sb (%),"0.000

0",0.0080,0.0016,0.0000,0.0072,"0.011

1",0.0000,0.0046,0.0042,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Ba (%),0.000 0,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.000 0,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Hf (%),"0.000

2",0.0001,0.0001,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0003,,,,,,,,

Ta (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0016,0.0018,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.000 0,0.000 0,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

W (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Au (PPm),"0.000

0",0.000 0,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

P2O3 (%),"1.298

2",1.8303,1.3275,0.9220,1.9228,"0.769

0",1.0173,0.7643,0.7868,0.6691,,,,,,,,

S (%),"0.000

0",0.0211,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.2173,0.0905,0.0521,0.0000,,,,,,,,

SO4 (%),"0.000

0",0.0634,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.6519,0.2714,0.1563,0.0000,,,,,,,,

K (%),0.1104,0.5955,0.3539,0.4735,0.4665,"0.839

5",0.6304,0.3445,0.2275,0.3164,,,,,,,,

K2O (%),"0.133

3",0.7190,0.4273,0.5717,0.5632,"1.013

6",0.7611,0.4160,0.2747,0.3821,,,,,,,,

Ca (%),"0.473

1",2.5745,1.5076,1.1806,6.1020,"1.551

6",1.7748,1.5767,1.5107,0.1713,,,,,,,,

CaO (%),"0.544

1",2.9606,1.7337,1.3577,7.0172,"1.784

3",2.0410,1.8132,,0.1970,,,,,,,,

Ti (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

TiO (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

V (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Cr (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Mn (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0009,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

Fe (%),"0.075

4",0.0991,0.0421,0.0274,0.0496,"0.152

2",0.1598,0.1452,0.1313,0.0277,,,,,,,,

Fe2O3

(%)","0.107

7",0.1415,0.0602,0.0392,0.0709,"0.217

4",0.2283,0.2074,0.1875,0.0396,,,,,,,,

Co (%),"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,"0.000

0",0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,

,LEFT FACING WEST,,,,RIGHT FACING EAST,,,,,,,,,,,,,

SPEC

NAME","LINGAM

- LEFT 5

(TOP

MOST)","LINGA

M â€" 4","LINGA

M â€" 2","LINGA

M â€" 1

BOTTO

M","LINGA

M â€

RIGHT5

(TOP

MOST)","LINGA

M â€

RIGHT6","LINGA

M â€

RIGHT4","LINGA

M â€

RIGHT2","LINGAM

-RIGHT1

(BOTTO

M MOST)",,,,,,,,,

Mg O (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,3.7727,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

,0.0000,3.4612,7.5109,1.9663,3.3407,1.9081,1.4415,7.2004,2.7364,,,,,,,,,

SiO 2 (%),43.5607,68.9923,77.2504,45.9106,68.1343,43.9697,44.8462,66.2406,16.6197,,,,,,,,,

P (%),0.3531,0.8193,0.7440,0.7290,0.2099,0.6819,0.3962,0.6041,0.5817,,,,,,,,,

P2O 3%,0.8087,1.8766,1.7039,1.6697,0.4808,1.5617,0.9074,1.3836,1.3322,,,,,,,,,

S (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

SO4 (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

K (%),0.2790,0.9832,0.6434,0.8525,0.4524,1.2142,0.0589,0.9266,0.2368,,,,,,,,,

K2O (%),0.3368,1.1872,0.7769,1.0294,0.5462,1.4660,0.0711,1.1188,0.2860,,,,,,,,,

Ca (%),0.7907,1.1399,0.1493,0.0000,0.2115,0.4031,0.5622,0.2549,0.1753,,,,,,,,,

CaO (%),0.9093,0.1608,0.1717,0.0000,0.2115,0.2115,0.5622,0.2549,0.1753,,,,,,,,,

Ti (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0083,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

TiO2 (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0139,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

V (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Cr (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Mn (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Fe (%),0.0396,0.0597,0.0244,0.0740,0.0622,0.0822,0.0267,0.0583,0.0299,,,,,,,,,

Fe2 O3(%

)",0.0566,0.0852,0.0349,0.1057,0.0888,0.1175,0.0381,0.0833,0.0427,,,,,,,,,

Co(%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Ni (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Cu (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Zn (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

As (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Se (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Rb (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Sr (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Y (%),0.0000,0.0020,0.0000,0.0023,0.0009,0.0027,0.0000,0.0013,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Zr (%),0.0000,0.0231,0.0002,0.0317,0.0000,0.0124,0.0000,0.0040,0.0001,,,,,,,,,

Nb (%),0.0136,0.0145,0.0121,0.0150,0.0113,0.0144,0.0125,0.0139,0.0073,,,,,,,,,

Mo (%),0.0468,0.0733,0.0382,0.0820,0.0390,0.0651,0.0390,0.0818,0.0361,,,,,,,,,

Pd (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Ag (%),0.0155,0.0169,0.0147,0.0171,0.0162,0.0173,0.0155,0.0168,0.0144,,,,,,,,,

Cd (%),0.0160,0.0415,0.0204,0.0134,0.0474,0.0471,0.0125,0.0000,0.0091,,,,,,,,,

Sn (%),0.1033,0.1010,0.1024,0.1021,0.1027,0.1041,0.1032,0.1036,0.1024,,,,,,,,,

Sb (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0243,0.0136,0.0076,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Ba (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Hf (%),0.0000,0.0007,0.0000,0.0003,0.0000,0.0004,0.0001,0.0003,0.0003,,,,,,,,,

Ta (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

W (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

Au (%),0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000,,,,,,,,,

S. N

o",Ref. No,"Samp le

locati on/

time",pH,Temp,"Con d.

at 25*

C µs/

cm",TDS,"SA

LIN

ITY",CO 3,HCO 3,"Total

hardnes s",Ca,Mg,Cl,N a,K,No3,P O4,SO 4

,Unit,,,(*C),,ppm,SPU,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm,ppm

1.,"UJT/0

1/w/2

017","Pot

above

linga m

@ 5.15

PM",7.78,28.52,870,522,0.46,NIL,274.5,320,76,15.6,170,67,11,6,02,54

2.,"UJT/0

2/w/2

017","Pot

below

linga m

@ 5.15

PM",8.20,27.48,864,518,046,Nil,317,330,76,14.4,125,70,11,12,03,50

3.,"UJT/0

3/w/2

017","Kotite

erth@

1.45 PM",8.41,29.88,173 6,1041,0.95,66,353.8,500,68,39.6,205,"12

0","12

8",140,0.7,73

4.,"UJT/0

4/w/2

017","Rudra

sagar @

5.00 PM",8.70,29.28,849,509,0.45,18,244,270,40,20.4,150,10 3,19,05,4,24

5.,"UJT/0

5/w/2

017","Shipr a

River @

8.45 PM",8.32,29.05,920,533,0.49,6,292.8,340,84,15.6,135,73,11,19,4,48

6.,"UJT/1

A/M

W/17","Lalad

hariw

ater@

3.45 PM",7.6,28.06,"173

9",1043,0.96,NIL,NIL,920,"36

0",2.4,285,"14

0","21

9",180,16,194

7.,"UJT/2

A/M

W/17","Nirm

alya @

3.45 PM",6.2,28.71,"134

9",809,0.73,NIL,NIL,660,"20

0",19.2,200,92,74,75,14,101

8.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10.,"ISO

10500",6.5- 8.5,,,,500,,200,,300,75,30,250,"20

0",,50,,200

,"stand

ard

value",,,,,,,,,,,,,"( W H

O)",,,,

Sample

Name",19997-I,19997-2,19997-3,19997-4,19997-5,19997-6,19997-7,,,,,,,,,,,

Ref No,"UJT/03/W/2

017","UJT/1A/WM/20

017","UJT/1B/

WM/20 17","UJT/4/

W/2017","UJT/01/W/

2017","UJT/2/W/2

017","UJT/05/W/

2017",,,,,,,,,,,

Location,"KotiTirath

Pond","MahakalJal adhari

base","Tank2,Offere d

Water","RudraSa gar

Lake","Municipal

Water before

offering","Jaladhari

water after

jalavishek","Shipra River,

Ramghat",,,,,,,,,,,

Be,Sc,2.34,1.19,1.17,V,90.29,13.07,Cr,Mn,Fe,519.39,1991.71,1448.52,164.02,299.64,265.58,259..34,,,,,,,,,,,

Co,0.12,0.74,0.72,0.34,0.64,0.63,0.06,,,,,,,,,,,

Ni,Cu,1.23,13.91,Zn,Ga,As,12.98,5.96,2.93,4.78,2.69,2.66,2.64,,,,,,,,,,,

Se,Rb,13.47,202.15,65.19,3.48,6.43,6.47,6.21,,,,,,,,,,,

Sr,968.51,574.94,432.10,253.36,369.56,376.06,405.15,,,,,,,,,,,

Y,Cd,Cs,0.08,0.59,0.19,Ba,36.11,73.69,83.91,25.74,51.77,51.51,51.32,,,,,,,,,,,

La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,0.008,0.05,0.03,Ho,0.003,0.01,0.01,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Pb,Bi,0.18,0.07,Th,U,1.27,Ti,6.97,28.15,14.12,7.61,5.73,5.73,5.12,,,,,,,,,,,

Ge,Zr,Nb,Mo,10.36,5.23,1.38,1.37,1.54,"2,21",2.06,,,,,,,,,,,

W,Re,0.01,0.01,0.01,Hg,S. No .,"SUGGESTIONS, RECOMMENDATION SA ND

REMEDIAL MEASURES MADE BY TH

EXPERT COMMITTEE CONSTITUTED BY TH

HON’BLE COURT","RESPONSE OF THEM ANDIR SAMIT

E TO THE SUGGESTIONS

IRSECOMMENDATION S AND

REMEDIAL MEASURES MAD

BY THE COMMITTEEC ONSTITUTED

BY THIS HON’BLE COURT",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1.,"The Jyotirlingam rock has been identified as

orthoquartzite which is hard and compact

and highly siliceous in nature in which the silica

content caries from 75Â92% analyzed by portable

XRF studies. Apart from visual observation

spectral signature by spectroradiometer were

collected, matched with the standard signature of

orthoquartzite available in GSI, spectral lab.",Agree with the observation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2.,"The deterioration of lingam has been

noticed and increased in last 40Â50 years as

depicted in photos no 1Â4 and 5Â8; the

deterioration is continuous in nature

can be managed with remedial measures.","That the report is based on photographs

taken in the year viz: photo No.1 to 8. The

Mandir Samiti is ready and willing to

take all necessary remedial measures as

recommended by the expert committee

constituted by this Hon'ble Court to

conserve the lingam namely; minimizing and

regulating the water, flowers, and

offerings immediately.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.,"The water of temple premises used in

Jalabhishek is highly alkaline in nature the

pH value ranges from 8.4 to 8.7 which is reactive

with the cryptocrystalline siliceous cementing

material of orthoquartzite at room temperature and

causing deterioration in Jyotirlingam.","The Mandir Samiti shall install an R.O.

plant to maintain the pH value of the water at

around 7. The devotees shall be

allowed to use on 500 ml of water in a

copper vessel only.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4.,"The tradition of Bhasmaarti using ash of cow dung

(as per temple pujaris) has pH value ranges from

9.07 to 10.20 in aqueous medium.","The Mandir Samiti submits that before

pouring of ash over the Lingam the

Committee is ready to cover the Lingam with a

cotton cloth and after pouring of ash

idol would be completely cleaned by

superfine cotton cloth.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.,"The ageÂold practices cannot be stopped but the

amount of material can be restricted/ minimized in

order to reduce deterioration. The

quantity of offering as listed in Annexure I contain

milk, curd, ghee, honey, sugar, leaves, petals, and

flowers, accumulate in pits promote the

growth of bacteria at room temperature in

pH variation is also a cause of deterioration.","Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey etc. shall be

restricted to not more than 1.25 litres

per devotee. Further, this material shall be

of ISI standard and a random check of these

puja materials shall be insured by the

Committee.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6.,"Presence of major and minor oxide and trace elements

of rock enhance the electrical conductivity of the

water to a high level which can cause deposition of

salt in pores/ pits and chipping of material by

chemical weathering.","After Jalabhishek by the Lingam which

concluded by 5 p.m. every day. The

Lingam shall be properly cleaned and

dried to minimize the water content and

thereafter only dry pooja shall be

permitted every day.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

7.,"Poor drainage sanitation and water spillage were

also spotted in the temple premises.","The Mandir Samiti submits that the

process of expansion of drainage system is

under the process and shall be completed at the

earliest.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8.,"The use of water (jal/Gangajal)

throughout the day for Abhishekas of the Jyotirlinga

by the devotees should be restricted to a

minimum.","The Mandir Samiti shall install an R.O.

Plant to maintain the pH value of the water at

around 7. The devotees shall be allowed

to use only 500 ml of water in a

copper vessel only.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

9.,"Use of milk and other milk products ghee

and honey should be minimized to a smallquantity and

made symbolic in nature to satisfy the religious

requirement.","Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey etc. shall be

restricted to not more than 1.25 litres per

devotee. Further, these materials shall be

of ISI standard and a random check of

these pooja materials shall be

insured and used.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10.,"Rubbing of Jaggary/Sugar powder and other

powdery on the Jyotirlinga may be

restricted/minimized.",Rubbing of Sugar powder shall be banned.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11.,"Use of lost of flowers/Bel Patra etc. may also be

made symbolic as the use of such huge materials

keep the Jyotirlinga wet all the time and hinders

natural breathing of the stone which is essential for

the good state of the Jyotirlinga.","Dryers and fans will be used to avoid

moisture. Belpatra and flowers are used on

the upper part of shivling and do not at all

hinder natural breathing of the stone.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12.,"Use of metal buckets, offerings posts, and other

utensils should be replaced with wooden/Good

Plastic materials in order to avoid mechanical

abrasions.","There are no mechanical abrasions

since metallic utensils used for jalabhishek

do not touch or abrase the jyotirlinga.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13.,"If possible, entry of devotees in the Grabhgriha

may be limited by making a management plan.

Devotees may be permitted for short

duration at a time to avoid the crowd in grabhgraha.

This is important as there is long single entry door

which is also used as an exit door.","Offering by devotees cannot be avoided as it

relates to the religious faith of the

devotees. However, a management plan is

already made and implemented whereinonly

limited devotees are permitted at a time.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14.,"Every effort should be made to keep the Garbhgriha

dry and clean including the passage and

surroundings","To maintain the ambient temperature of

the lingam room (Grabhgarh) at 17Â20

degree Celsius, more air conditioners shall

be installed. Further, all efforts shall be

made to keep the Grabhagarh and its

surroundings dry and clean.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

15.,"All the damaged area of marble floorings and

sealing of joints etc. should be repaired to avoid

water percolation through the damaged area.",Accepted,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

16.,"If possible provision may be made for air circulation

in the Garbhyagriha",Accepted,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

17.,"Arrangements for disposal of waste

may be improved and should be made more effective.","Accepted. It is submitted that Shri

Mahakaleshwar temple is ranked in top 10

most clean Iconic places by Government

of India in Swwach Bharat Abhiyan.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

18.,"Scientific/Chemical treatment of any stone object

with periodical inspection and preventive

conservation may, however, help to

preserve the object for quite long time but in case of

Jyotirlinga it may not be appropriate to consider

such treatment as the treatment of the Jyotirlinga

may be acceptable to the common people because

of their the faith and religious beliefs. Only

preventive conservation methods may be helpful to

keep the Jyotirlinga in the best of its

conservation state.",Accepted,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

19.,"Sincere efforts should be made to preserve the

originality of the main temple and other structures

of historical importance in the premises. Modern

materials should be avoided for general maintenance.","Offering by devotees cannot be avoided as it

relates to the religious faith of the

devotees. However, a management plan is

already made wherein only limited devotees

are permitted at a time. Crowd

management and lives of devotees will be of

utmost priority forth temple committee.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

20.,"The antiquarian remains of the premise including

main temple of Mahakal can be classified

mainly into four groups; a: some stone sculptures

in loose and fixed nature assigned to 7th Â8th

century AD, b: some sculptures of 11th 12th

century AD, c: Main temple and other subsidiary

shrines of 18th century and d: Other remains

viz. wooden box, copper drum, seating benches

and some metal work etc of 19th  20th century.

Numbers of stone sculptures placed in the temple

premises at different placed like embed in the

walls, on the floors, and in the abandoned rooms

needs to the properly maintained, documented, identified

and displayed in a proper place so that they

could be preserved for future generation and could be

in use of researchers and students of art and

architecture.",Accepted.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

21.,"Some unwanted restoration works have been done

on the 1st and 2nd floors of the Mahakal temple by

laying of modern tiles on the floor. This sort of

flooring does not match in any way with the

ambience and old architecture of the temple. On the

north and south sides of the temple, iron

scaffoldings are placed attached to the

main temple. We were told that the scaffoldings are

provided for installing iron stairs for climbing of the

visitors to the temple on the top floor to worship

Chandranageshwar. On this floor, a sculpture of

Chandranageshwar with his consort is

placed inside a niche covered with a glass

window and devotees or visitors would be allowed

to reach there. During our visit, we were informed

that earlier temporary arrangement was

made there by way of installation of iron

stairs in the occasion of nagapanchami when lacs of

visitors used to visit here. Providing of this sort

of installation is not only the eyesore in the

ancient temple premise but it would lead a new

tradition in future and put an adverse effect on the

old temples when such a huge crowd of devotees

will reach Abhishek the top floor.

Therefore, it should be avoided for the safety of the

public and to maintain the ambiance of the

temples.","The Mandir Samiti submits that the

constructions work being carried out for

best and convenient passage for devotees.

Necessary and precautionary works

will be done as lakhs of devotees throng the

temple during Nagpanchmi.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

22.,"While the campus consisting of old temples have

been reflecting with white, cream and red colors as

outer walls and shikhara of almost all the temples

are painted with these colors and flooring with

tiles and red stones. Besides that, some new

constructions have the carried out. This sort of

constructions and development in an

ancient heritage place should be avoided and proper

conservation should be carried out with the help

of conservators and expert of ancient architecture.","Accepted Mandir Samiti is

carrying out works to restore the heritage

look of the temple.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

23.,"The significance of Mahakal temple and

Ujjain is not only for the people of Ujjain

and Madhya Pradesh, rather for the people of the

w h o l e country too, therefore keeping

this thing in mind, it is inevitably required to develop

this most religious and heritage site with proper

care and maintenance so that its cultural and

tangible fabric could not be disturbed. Presently

there are numbers of the temples inside the

t e m p l e premise probably of the same

period as the Mahakal temple but these

temples are conserved in crappy manner by adding

eyesore paintings on the walls and some weird

addition to the old structures. Some new

constructions are done and some other constructions

are presently going on there. Therefore, it is

suggested that no new construction may

be allowed within the temple premise and restoration

and development of the old temples and

structures of the premise may be

rectified and restored with the assistance of

Archaeological Conservators. Apart from the

various activities as referred above, Temple

committee can create a heritage cell for

maintenance and restoration of the old temples and

structures inside the premise.","Accepted Shree Mahakaleshwar temple

management committee has plans to create

a heritage cell for maintenance

and restoration of the old temple and

structures inside the premise.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

24.,"It is stated earlier that Ujjain is a very

ancient city and there are numbers of old structures,

temples, ponds, houses, platforms etc around the

temple premise still in extant, these

old structures are the valuable heritage and

integral part of temple premise needs to be

identified and restored accordingly.

If it is possible for the state government, 500 m all

around the temple premise can be preserved with

old structures and removed from the modern

construction. Wherever open space is found, that can be

landscaped and developed so that its religious

ambiance could be maintained and preserved.","Accepted

Subject to necessary repairs and

maintenances for the preservation of the

heritage building to be carried out from time to

time by temple committee.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“The Expert Committee has gone through the resolution passed by the temple committee and submitting following suggestion:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

We have described in our original report that many offerings including Jal used during the rituals of abhisheka are the main cause of deterioration to the Jyotirlingam. We have suggested all offerings of the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

material to be symbolic in nature with pure quality and treated water of potable quality with pH value range from 6.8 to 7.2 to minimize the adverse effect. Apart from this, the periodical monitoring and proper",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

management of these crucial parameters are required to manage this problem.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Suggestions/ Objections on the resolution passed by the temple committee are as below:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Resolution of temple Committee:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Keeping in consideration the suggestions/ objections and recommendations of the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court and also in compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 passed by,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Temple Management Committee hereby passes the following Resolution covering point 1 to 24 of the suggestions/ objections and recommendations of the Expert Committee",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to protect and preserve the Mahakal Shivlinga:Â​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

That the devotees shall be permitted a fixed amount of water measuring 500 ml in an appropriate small pot per devotee for Jalabhishek.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert Committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

That the water for Jalabhishek shall a from the R.O. machine installed during Simhastha, 2016 for which a connection shall be provided near the Garbh Griha to maintain the pH value at ‘7’.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert Committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Suggestions: The pH value of jalabhishek water may vary as per variation in the source of supply of water which has to be controlled by treatment ranging from 6.8 to 7.2 pH, but a periodical monitoring may be",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

done for maintaining the aboveÂ​mentioned range.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.That at present during Bhashma Aarti, half of the lingam is being covered with clothThe similar but as per the directions, in fifteen days, the whole of the Shivalingam shall be fully covered with a dry cotton",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

cloth during Bhasma Aarti.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert Committee’s suggestion: Due to bhasma aarti ash particle retained in the pits over the lingam will react with water and increase its pH value, resulting aggravate the corrosion process of the lingam,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

therefore, the lingam should be fully covered with thick cotton cloth/ transparent polyfilm during bhasma aarti. The Lingam should be thoroughly cleaned after Bhasma aarti and ensure that all residual ash particle",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

should be removed from the lingam, then only jalabhishek with clean and potable water with pH value range from 6.8 7.2 may be allowed.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4.That for Abhishek only up to maximum 1.25Â​litre milk/ panchamruit per devotee shall be permitted.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert Committee’s suggestion:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

That for Abhishek only up to maximum 1.25Âlitre milk/panchamruit per devotee are appropriate, but during the rush time and special occasions such amount may increase enormously, therefore, it is suggested",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

that the quantity may be reduced to symbolic in nature.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.That after Jalabhishek of the lingam with is concluded by 5 P.M. every day. The Lingam shall be properly cleaned and dried to minimize the water content and thereafter only dry pooja shall be permitted every,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

day. Expert committee’s comment: Agrees.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6.At present captive sewerage, treatment technique is being used for treatment and the same shall be continued till the sewerage treatment plant is installed for which steps are being taken with will require",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

minimum one year time.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s suggestion: Kotiteerath water may be treated periodically and ensure that rainwater of the temple premises, as well as drain off water from the temple premises, should not be drained into",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the pond and contaminate the kotiteerath pond.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

7.That rubbing of sugar powder on Shivlinga has been fully banned and instead the use of Khandsari is being promoted.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert Committee suggestion: rubbing of any offering material may be banned to stop further abrasion of the lingam. A devotee may be allowed to offer their offering symbolically but shall not be allowed to rub,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

any material over the lingam.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8.That dryers and fans will be used to avoid moisture. Belpatra and flowers shall be used on the upper part of Shivling to avoid any obstruction in natural breathing of stone.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert Committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

9.That the crowd management shall be strictly followed as done on big festivals namely Simhashtha, 2016, Mahashivratri, Nagpanchmi and month of Shravan where maximum crowd appears on those holidays",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and weekends. During such time the Committee is using barricades for dong Darshna from outside the main Garbhgrih and limited devotee are also permitted in the Garbhgrih at a time .Similar arrangement shall,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

be ensured on normal days also.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Various IT proposals have been received to use technology for effective crowd managing strategies, e.g. IT based queue management.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10.That all possible efforts shall be taken to maintain an ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgrah) at 17Â20 degree Celsius. The Garbhgrih shall be kept dry, neat and tidy. Further, an AUTOMATIC",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEM using sensors shall be fitted in Garbhgrih to give information about temperature and humidity which shall help in effective regulation and monitoring of environmental factors.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11.That damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints etc. shall be repaired within a period of six months.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

12.That all efforts should be made for the creation of heritage cell and for restoration/ repairs and maintenance of all items of historical importance. Steps are being taken for the structure and role of the heritage,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

cell.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13.To preserve antiques in premises of temple nameplates are being affixed in front of various small temples mentioning the names of the temples and their era etc.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14.It shall be ensured that no new significant construction is carried out in temple premises but so far as the convenience and smooth passage in the premises is concerned construction will be done with a due,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

permission of the competent authorities.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agrees,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

15.It is further resolved that in order to implement the above resolution a minimum period from one month to one Year may be sought from the Hon’ble Supreme Court.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Expert committee’s comment: Agreesâ€​,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

ORDER DATED 30.11.2017:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

29.Following order was passed by this Court on 30.11.2017 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

“We are concerned, and so express our anguish, as to the way in which the orders which have been passed so far in the matter are being misrepresented in media and otherwise. We have not passed any",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

interim direction with regard to the manner in which the religious ceremonies have to be performed in the Temple at Mahakaleshwar, Ujjain. This Court has not passed any order whatsoever that, during the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Bhasma Aarti, what rituals can, or what rituals cannot be, performed, and neither it is the job of this Court to interfere in such rituals. This Court has not passed any order in this regard. We are concerned in the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

petition about the protection of the lingam and how it can be done. For this purpose, this Court has appointed a Committee of Experts of G.S.I. as well as the A.S.I., and they have submitted their reports. They",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

are yet to be finally considered by this Court.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A notice issued by the Managing Committee on Board has been placed before us today, indicating that this Court has directed that how much water has to be offered on the lingam by the devotees or about the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

quantity of Panchamrit etc. This Court had issued no such direction. In fact, it appears that the Committee itself has taken various decisions and they are being implemented. The Notice Board which has been",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

put by the Managing Committee of the Temple should be removed forthwith i.e. by today itself, and it is open to the Committee to put it on the Notice Board as per its resolutions if any. In case any wrong or",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

misleading reporting is made by the media, in any form, at the instance of any person about the order passed by this Court, the person so responsible for such wrong reporting, misrepresentation about the order",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

shall be liable to be dealt with in accordance with law. It is regrettable that there has been wrong reporting at somebody's instance. We caution the parties before us that they should not indulge in any such wrong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

reporting, in any manner whatsoever, and if it is found that any wrong reporting is made, the same shall be viewed seriously, and the person responsible for it shall be dealt with in accordance with law.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

List the matter for further hearing on 4th December 2017.""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

30.As it was noticed that misrepresentation was being made with respect to the order passed by this Court and unrest was tried to be created on the ground that this Court is interfering with the religious rituals to,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

be performed in the temple during Pooja. Thus we have clarified that we have not interfered with the same. Aforesaid direction holds good for this order also and to be scrupulously observed by all concerned.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The only objective of entertaining the writ petition on the aforesaid question was just to ensure that all the rituals which may be necessary be performed however to ensure that the Lingam does not deteriorate,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

any further.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

31.It is apparent from the report that there is a decay of the Lingam and certain damage has been noted by the Expert Committee. Negative factors have also been pointed out in extensive details. Activities,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

regarding the daily cleaning of temple premises, gaushala, Vedic samsthan, mandir, rasoi of the temple etc. have been pointed out. The study has been done by Spectroradiometer, portable XRF studies, water",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

analysis, ash analysis, the extent of weathering etc. Various suggestions and recommendations had been made including the remedial measures Mr. Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director, ASI, Central",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Region, Bhopal report is contained in the first chapter. The second chapter contains the report submitted by Dr. V. K. Saxena, Director (Science), ASI, Science Branch, Dehradun. The third chapter deals with",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the GeoÂ​scientific study of the Shivalinga made by Mr. Hemraj Suryavanshi, Deputy Director General and Mr. L. Vishvakarma, Director, Geological Survey of India, Bhopal.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

32.It has been noticed in the report of the experts of the ASI and GSI that deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last 40 to 50 years as depicted in photos 1 to 4 and 5 to 8 annexures with the report.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

It is further observed that the deterioration is continuous in nature and can be managed with remedial measures.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

33.It has been pointed out that the water analysis of the temple premises used in the Jalabhishekam is highly alkaline in nature and pH value ranges from 8.4 to 8.7. Various other causes have been delineated in,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the report of the experts. In all 24 causes have been given. Milk particularly contaminated one, sugar, leaves, petals and flowers, poor drainage sanitation and water spillage, use of the water should be minimum.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Rubbing of jaggery/sugar powder should be restricted or minimized. Use of a lot of flowers and leaves also keeps the Jyotirlingam wet all the time and hinders natural breathing of the stone of Jyotirlingam. Use,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

of metal buckets, pots, utensils also causes abrasions to the Lingam. If possible entry of devotees in Garbh Griha should be limited. Garbh Griha should be kept dry and clean. There should be proper air",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

circulation in Garbh Griha. Arrangements for disposal of waste may be improved and should be made more effective. Since scientific/chemical treatment may not be acceptable, preventive conservation methods",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlingam in the best of its conservation state. Considering the historical importance of the premises, use of modern materials in the premises should be avoided so as to maintain the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

antiquity. There is a need to identify the sculptures and they are required to be properly documented and identified.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

34.Some unwarranted restoration work has also been noticed by the Committee in para 21. That should be looked after and remedial measures should be taken as suggested in the report.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

35.In para 22 certain new constructions have been pointed out. Let the conservation be carried out with the help of conservator and experts of ancient architecture. Other suggestions have been made in the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

report. Paras 1 to 24 of these are required to be looked into and suitable remedial measures should be taken by the Temple Committee. Remedial measures suggested in the report with respect to water quality,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

maintaining the pH value from 6.8 to 7.2, cleaning of Jyotirlingam, also requires to be observed in the best possible manner by the Committee and ambient temperature be maintained from 17 to 20 degree Celsius.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey etc. be minimized.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

36.There should be proper disposal of temple garbage and it should be ensured that it does not contaminate the Kotiteerath Pond. Better use of flowers would be that they are recycled for the production of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

scent/itra. For that project may be prepared by the administration with the help of concerned bodies or on the basis of PPP. Cleaning methods should be modernized.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

37.It is apparent from the response of the Committee filed pursuant to the order dated 25.8.2017 of this Court that the Committee has agreed (1) to save the Lingam by minimizing the flowers and offerings,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

material. (2) It has also been resolved that the Temple Committee shall install an RO plant to maintain pH value of water at 7 and devotees should be allowed to use minimum water. (3) Temple Committee has,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

also resolved that during Bhasma Aarti also they will take appropriate steps which may be permissible. (4) As permissible, use of ghee, milk, curd, and honey shall be restricted per devotee. These materials shall",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

be of ISI standards. (5) Lingam shall be properly cleaned and dried after Puja. (6) Expansion of drainage system was under process and be completed at the earliest. (7) Rubbing of sugar powder on the Lingam,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

shall be banned. (8) It would be ensured that there is no harm caused to the Jyotirlingam. (9) There is a management plan to permit limited devotees at one time in Garbh Griha so that there is no stampede. (10),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

They are ready to maintain the temperature of garbhgriha from 17 to 20 degree Celsius. There should be more air conditioners. (11) Damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints shall be repaired. (12),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Provision has to made for proper circulation of air in garbh griha. (13) Arrangements for disposal of wastes have to be improved.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

38.Preventive conservation methods shall be used by the Committee. Efforts shall be made to preserve the originality and antiquity of the temple.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

39.They have to also ensure that they will undertake necessary steps for saving structure and life of devotees during Nagpanchmi. Let a plan in this regard be prepared within two months. It is also directed that,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

let them make an effort for the preservation of historical monument the new development work if any, should only be made to match with ancient nature of the temple so that its heritage look is maintained. As to",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the recommendations as mentioned in para 22 of the report of the Experts Committee, same have been accepted by the Committee. Let the Committee implement the recommendations as agreed to and resolved",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

by it. Considering the national and international importance, Temple Committee has rightly resolved to create a Heritage Cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the premises.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Let such cell be created at the earliest.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

40.In compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 the Committee has passed various resolutions accepting various recommendation of the Expert Committee quoted above. The Expert Committee of ASI and GSI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

has filed response to the various resolutions passed by the Committee. The Expert Committee has also agreed with most of the resolutions. However, it has made certain suggestions which are to be considered",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

by the Committee and implemented in best possible manner.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

41.Expert Committee suggestion in respect of Kotiteerath Pond water to be treated periodically and to ensure that the rainwater of temple premises, as well as drainage water from the temple premises, should",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

not be drained into the pond and contaminate the Kotiteerath Pond. Has to be implemented in true spirit.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

42.Committee of expert has also suggested that rubbing of any offering by devotees may be stopped. Devotees may be allowed to offer their offerings symbolically but not to be allowed to rub any material over,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the Lingam. Let the Committee consider the aforesaid aspects and to ensure that as far as possible no rubbing is done by the devotees on the Lingam or by any material. The committee has also pointed out that,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

no new significant construction to be carried out in the temple premises except so far as convenience and smooth passage in the premises is concerned, let the resolutions be carried out and fully implemented as",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

resolved by the Committee on time bound basis for different stages within one year.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

43.With respect to the method of “lingarchanâ€, i.e. the method of linga pooja, the 27th chapter of “Ling Mahapuranm†has been placed on record. That contains a detailed method of lingarchan running",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

into 54 strotam. Apart from that “Shiv Mahapuranamâ€, Vayveey Sanhita containing details of Shastrokt Shiv Poojan method in twentyforth chapter has been placed on record. Pooja of different lingam may",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

be somewhat different. It is for the experts in the field of religion to decide about the rituals and ceremonies to be performed. It is not for this Court to make suggestions in this regard.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

44.It is not within the jurisdiction of this Court to dictate or to prescribe or restrain the religious practices and Pujas to be performed in temple. They are required to be performed, as rightly pointed out, in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

accordance with the ancient rituals and practices but, at the same time, it has to be ensured that no damage is caused to the lingam. The temple which is known as Mritunjaya Mahadev and is most ancient",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Jyotirlingam in one of the ancient cities of India, Ujjain. ‘Simhast’ is also organised 6 years and 12 years which has international importance visited by several millions of people. The Government spends",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

thousands of crores of rupees for development of infrastructure in Ujjain for each such occasion and lot of development has taken place. Owing to all these development work, Ujjain has come up. But at the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

same time very cause of all developments, the Lingam of Lord Shiva requires to be preserved, protected by way of preventive conservation methods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

45.In order to ensure purity of pooja materials and to prevent further erosion of Lingam it would be appropriate and fitness of things that a plan is prepared regarding the entire offering materials on the lingam to,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

be manufactured and provided by temple itself as is done in several famous temples in the Southern part of India and other places. By pouring the adulterated Milk, Ghee, Kumkum, Gulal, Abir containing",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

chemicals due to adulteration is improper and cannot be permitted to be part of the ritual. Lingam cannot be permitted to be destroyed by chemical reactions of impure materials or by pouring of the dirty water,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

such acts of offerings cannot be allowed and as are done innocently by the people unaware of ill effect on lingam. Had devotees been aware of all these, adverse effect of their Puja on the Lingam of their God",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

itself of which they are performing Puja for the spiritual or other gains they would not have even dreamt of doing it. Let the Temple Committee and other stakeholders rise to the occasion and take positive steps,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

in this direction in reasonable time.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

46.It was also pointed out that use of Bhang (cannabis) has been started in recent past. It has been started approximately for the last 50 years and that is one of the causes of erosion as per the petitioner. Earlier,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

it used to be offered symbolically. It is for the Temple Committee to decide on these rituals and which material to be used by it and in which quantity for purpose of Puja by Temple and for how much time, in",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

what manner Bhang should be applied and in what rituals. Let Committee consider it with help of scriptures and experts. How its use can be best modulated by the Committee itself, considering past practices, as",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the ultimate duty of Committee is to make preservation of the Lingam itself for its existence and for that it has to consider and adopt what is the best mode of performing the rituals, what are the materials which",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

should be used and in what quantity but it has to be ensured that the materials are not impure and are without such chemicals which may cause erosion of the lingam itself otherwise the very purpose of Puja,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

would be defeated.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

47.Puja is to be performed in such a manner which should be befitting to the deity and not to cause erosion itself of lingam for which so much infrastructure exists. Lingam is known as ‘Mrityunjaya,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Mahadev’, who prevents from destruction, it cannot be permitted to be destructed. Lingam cannot be permitted to be exploited in a manner it is destroyed. If one believes in the concept of real pooja, such",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Pooja is to be performed by pure materials as purest of thoughts. No spiritual or other gain can come if Puja is performed in a manner which damages the deity itself as that would amount to displeasing the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

saviour. That would be against the basic tenets of performance of Pooja and of making offerings.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

48.Let the Temple Committee also invite and consider various views for further improvement of the temple. Let the Temple Committee make an endeavour along with other stakeholders to prepare/manufacture,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

the offering material in purest of the form and by such time it becomes a reality to make an arrangement in such a manner that only pure and unadulterated materials are offered in pooja on Lingam. No impure,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

and adulterated material is offered in Puja and the resolutions made by the Temple Committee are scrupulously observed by all concerned.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

49.Let a concrete plan be made by the Committee for further improvement including its Gaushalas. Let existing Gaushala and kitchen be improved and modernize and for that purpose, in case, additional land is",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

required, plan be prepared and implemented with the help of all concerned so that temple becomes selfÂ​sufficient to provide all pooja material based on milk product etc.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

50.On merits, we find that the decision by the Single Bench has rightly been set aside by the Division Bench for the various reasons mentioned in the order and in particular in view of the fact that in the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

impugned order the Division Bench has relied on decision in Ramchandra Mangilal & Ors. v. State of M.P. ILR (1991) MP 444 = (1987) MPLJ 668 which had been affirmed by this Court as SLP against it was,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

dismissed. Hence no case for interference on merits is made out.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

51.We appreciate the gesture to all concerned in acting with positivity for the preservation of Lingam. We direct the ASI and GSI teams as has been constituted that has visited and had submitted the report to,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

make a visit in January 2019 and submit a report in this regard with respect to the position of the lingam and improvements made as per suggestions made in the report.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

52.Before parting with the judgment, we would like to reiterate that there should not be any misreporting of the Court’s order, as specified in our order dated 30.11.2017. Any violation on this count shall be",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

viewed seriously and sternly with appropriate consequences, wherever necessary. It is hereby made clear that we have not interfered with religious ceremonies to be performed in the Temple. Registry is",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

directed to preserve the original combined report of the Expert Committee as part of the record as it is a valuable document.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

53.The appeal is accordingly disposed of.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

54.We appreciate the assistance rendered by Mr. Tushar Mehta, the Additional Solicitor General of India, and all other counsel who appeared in this case for various parties and also appreciate the gesture of the",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

experts of the Expert Committee.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,