Shree Choudhary Transport Company vs Income Tax Officer

Dinesh Maheshwari, J

Preliminary

By way of this appeal, the assessee-appellant has called in question the order dated 15.05.2009 passed in Income Tax Appeal No. 164 of 2008

whereby, the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur has summarily dismissed the appeal against the order dated 29.08.2008 passed in ITA

No. 117/JU/2008 by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Jodhpur Bench at Jodhpur; and thereby, the High Court has upheld the computation of total

income of the assessee-appellant for the assessment year 2005-2006 with disallowance of payments to the tune of Rs. 57,11,625/-, essentially in terms

of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 [Hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act of 1961’ or simply ‘the Act’.], for failure of the

assessee- appellant to deduct the requisite tax at source [‘Tax deducted at source’ being referred as ‘TDS’].

We may take note of the relevant factual and background aspects of the case while keeping in view the root point calling for determination in this

appeal, that is, as to whether the payments in question have rightly been disallowed from deduction in computation of total income of the appellant?

Relevant factual and background aspects; the impugned order of assessment

In a brief outline of the relevant factual aspects, it could be noticed that the assessee-appellant, a partnership firm, had entered into contract with

M/s Aditya Cement Limited, Shambupura, District Chittorgarh [Hereinafter also referred to as “the consignor company†or “the companyâ€.]

for transporting cement to various places in India. As the appellant was not having the transport vehicles of its own, it had engaged the services of

other transporters for the purpose. The cement marketing division of M/s Aditya Cement Limited, namely, M/s Grasim Industries Limited, effected

payments towards transportation charges to the appellant after due deduction of TDS, as shown in Form No. 16A issued by the company.

On 28.10.2005, the assessee-appellant filed its return for the assessment year 2005-2006, showing total income at Rs. 2,89,633/- in the financial

year 2004-2005 arising out of the business of ‘transport contract’.

In the course of assessment proceedings, the Assessing Officer [‘AO’ for short] examined the dispatch register maintained by the appellant

for the period  01.04.2004 to 31.03.2005, containing all particulars as regards the trucks hired, date of hire, bilty and challan numbers, freight and

commission charges, net amount payable, the dates on which the payments were made, and the destination of each truck etc. The contents of the

register also indicated that each truck was sent only to one destination under one challan/bilty; and if one truck was hired again, it was sent to the

same or other destination/trip as per separate challan/bilty. The commission charged by the appellant from the truck operators/owners ranged from

Rs. 100/- to Rs. 250/- per trip.

5.1. On verifying the contents of record placed before him, the AO observed that while making payment to the truck operators/owners, the appellant

had not deducted tax at source even if the net payment exceeded Rs. 20,000/-. Following this, a notice dated 05.11.2007 was issued to the appellant,

requiring the details of amount paid to the truck operators/owners, TDS thereupon, and date of depositing the same in the Government account. In

reply, by its letters dated 12.11.2007 and 15.11.2007, the appellant contended, inter alia, that the trucks hired were belonging to different

operators/owners who were not the sub-contractors or contractors; that they came from different parts of India and mostly required cash payment for

diesel and other running expenses; that the appellant had no liability to deduct tax at source because it had not made payments exceeding Rs. 20,000/-

in a single transaction; and that the provisions of Section 40(a)(ia) were not applicable to the appellant.

5.2. While drawing up the assessment order dated 22.11.2007, the AO observed that the payments to different truck operators/owners were made

directly by the appellant firm and not the consignor company; that the appellant firm was responsible for transportation of goods of the company as per

the contract for which, the appellant received payment from the company after tax being deducted at source therefrom. The AO also observed that

the appellant firm paid freight charges to the truck operators/owners from the income so earned; and the remaining amount was shown as

commission. Looking to the nature of dealings of the parties, the AO observed that there existed a contract between the appellant and the truck

operators/owners in respect of each challan/bilty for transportation. The AO also referred to the Circular bearing No. 715 dated 08.08.1995 issued by

the Central Board of Direct Taxes [‘CBDT’ for short], to observe that each goods receipt could be considered a separate contract. While

further observing that a contract may be written or oral, the AO held that when the truck operators/owners in the case at hand were not to be

considered as contractors, they were undoubtedly the sub-contractors of the appellant. The AO also pointed out that despite sufficient opportunity

being given, a copy of the agreement of the appellant firm with the company for providing transportation services was not furnished.

5.3. Having perused the material placed before him, the AO held on the appellant’s responsibility for deducting tax at source while making

payment to the truck operators/owners where such payment exceeded Rs. 20,000/- on a single bilty/challan or goods receipt in the following words:-

“The dispatch register of the assessee firm as well as the cash book clearly establish beyond doubt that payment to the truck operators was made

by the assessee firm. In other words, the assessee firm was the person responsible for deducting the tax at source therefrom within the meaning of

Section 194C of the Act. Since the goods were transported by trucks and every truck transported goods under a separate bilty and challan to a

particular destination, there was a contract or sub-contract between the assessee firm and the truck operator as per the provisions of Section 194C of

the Act and Board’s circular supra, and the assessee should have deducted tax at source while making payment to the truck operators as per the

provisions of Section 194C(3) of the Act where the amount of any sum credited or paid or likely to be credited or paid to the account of, or to the

contractor or sub-contractor exceeded twenty thousand rupees.

*** *** ***

From the facts and circumstances of the case discussed above the final position emerging is that in view of the provisions of Section 194C of the Act

the assessee was liable to deduct tax at source while making payment to truck owners/operators where such payment exceeded Rs. 20,000/- on the

basis of single bilty/challan or GR.â€​

5.4. After examining the details contained in the dispatch register, cash book and payment vouchers, the AO found that tax was not deducted at

source by the appellant while making payment to the truck operator/owner, even though the payment under a single goods receipt (challan/bilty)

exceeded the sum of Rs. 20,000/-. Thereupon, the assessee-appellant was called upon to explain as to why deduction claimed on account of such

payment from the income be not disallowed in terms of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act. In the order of assessment, the AO took note of and dealt  with

various submissions made on behalf of the assessee-appellant in this regard as follows:-

“Since the assessee failed to deduct the tax at source while making payment to truck owners/ operators exceeding Rs. 20,000/-, the assessee was

asked to explain as to why deduction claimed on account of such payments from the income be not disallowed within the meaning of Section 40(a) (ia)

of the Act. The learned counsel of the assessee firm stated that there was no payment exceeding Rs. 20,000/-. In this regard he furnished photocopy

of extract of cash book and also payment vouchers which indicate that each payment exceeding Rs. 20,000/- was shown in the cash book in two parts

though paid on the same date and the assessee made two separate vouchers for such payment just to give an impression that payment to truck

owners/ operators was not exceeding Rs. 20,000/-. In this regard it is pertinent to mention that merely by showing payment of one challan/ bilty in two

pieces the assessee cannot absolve itself of the provisions of the Section 40(a)(ia) inasmuch as Section 194C(3)(i) clearly speaks of â€" “the

amount of any sum credited or paid or likely to be credited or paid to the account of, or to, the Contractor or sub-contractor, if such sum does not

exceed twenty thousand rupeesâ€. The learned counsel further submitted that the receipts of the assessee firm are full vouched and verifiable and

subject to TDS and the payments to truck owners/ operators are made by the assessee firm from such receipts and as such there as no need for

further TDS. He further stated that the assessee firm prepares bills for claiming payments from the company on the basis of freight charges payable

to various truck owners/ operators and when the payment is received on the basis of such bills, further payment is made to the truck owners/

operators and nominal commission is retained by the assessee and, therefore, the payment made to the truck owners/ operators was out of the

purview of Section 194C of the Act. He further stated that it is not practical to deduct tax at source while making payment to a truck owner/ operator

because no truck owner accepts payment after TDS. This argument put forth on behalf of the assessee firm is not acceptable inasmuch as Section

194C(1) clearly says that - “Any person responsible for paying any sum to any resident…….†Since the assessee firm was responsible for

making payment to the truck owners operators, it was mandatory on the part of the assessee to deduct tax at source while making such

payment. Further there is no direct nexus between the Company and the truck owners/operators and thus it cannot be said that the

assessee firm was a mediator between the company and the truck owners/ operators…...â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

5.5. In view of the above, the AO proceeded to disallow the deduction of payments made to the truck operators/owners exceeding Rs. 20,000/-

without TDS, which in total amounted to Rs. 57,11,625/-; and added the same back to the total income of the assessee-appellant. The AO also

disallowed a lump sum of Rs. 20,000/- from various expenses debited to the Profit and Loss Account and finalised the assessment, accordingly, as

under:-

“Therefore, considering the provisions of Section 194C, Section 40(a)(ia) and Board’s Circular No. 715, dated 08.8.1995, the payment made to

the truck owners/operators, exceeding to Rs. 20,000/- without deducting tax at source is disallowed and added back to the total income of the

assessee firm which works out to Rs. 57,11,625/-, supra. The assessee has shown total payments in Truck Freight Account at Rs. 1,37,71,206/- and

total receipts from the company at Rs. 1,43,90,632/-.

The assessee has shown commission income of Rs. 6,23,300/- on which net profit of Rs. 2,89,694/- has been shown giving N.P. rate of 46.47% as

against N.P. rate of 50.91% declared in the immediate preceding year on commission income of Rs. 6,00,450/-. The N.P. rate declared this year is on

the lower side. Considering the nature of various expenses debited to the Profit and Loss Account like Staff Welfare Expenses, Telephone Expenses,

Travelling expenses, Motor Cycle Repairs etc. where involvement of personal element cannot be ruled out, a lump sum disallowance of Rs. 20,000/- is

made to the declared income.â€​

Before the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals), Jodhpur

Aggrieved by the order so passed by the Assessing Officer, the assessee-appellant preferred an appeal before the Commissioner of Income Tax

(Appeals) [‘CIT(A)’ for short], being Appeal No. 183 of 2007-08, that was considered and dismissed on 15.01.2008.

6.1. The CIT(A) re-examined the record and rejected the contentions of the appellant that it had only received commission income and was not liable

to deduct tax at source on payments made to the truck owners while observing as under:-

“On careful consideration of the material facts, it is observed that the appellant entered into a contract for transportation of goods (cement) with

M/s Aditiya Cement Limited in order to honour the contract, the appellant hired various trucks all through out the year for the purpose of

transportation of cement. The appellant received freight charges from M/s Aditiya Cement Limited on which tax was deducted. The appellant paid

freight charges to individual truck owners, after transportation of goods. There was no nexus between the truck owners/ operators and M/s

Aditiya Cement Limited. How the appellant transported the goods (cement) was the exclusive domain of the appellant firm. Under such

circumstances, the gross freight received by the appellant from M/s Aditiya Cement Limited represents gross income of the appellant

firm. Since the appellant made payments to various truck owners/ operators. Such payments represent expenditure. It may be mentioned

here that the payments to the truck owners/ operators were made only after the goods were transported by them satisfactorily at the given

destinations. In other words, there existed a contract or a sub-contract between the appellant firm and the transporters. Under such circumstances,

the appellant was required to deduct tax at source on the payments made to truck drivers/ owners within the meaning of provisions of Section 40(a)

(ia) read with Section 194C of the Act. Under no circumstances, it can be said that the appellant only received commission income and therefore

provisions of Section 194C are not applicable.â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

6.2. In regard to the contention that the appellant was not required to deduct tax at source when no payment exceeded Rs. 20,000/-, the CIT(A) found

that the appellant had, for its convenience and to avoid the rigour of Section 40A(3) of the Act, chose to split the payments into two parts but the

entries of such split payments were available consecutively in the cash book. Thus, while not accepting such methodology, the CIT(A) observed that

even in the split payments, it was required of the appellant to deduct tax at the time of making final payment. The relevant observation of the CIT(A)

read as under:-

“The facts have been gone through and it is observed that the appellant made payments in a manner according to which individual payment to the

truck owner(s) did not exceed Rs. 20,000/-. In other words, the payment was splitted into two parts. However, the total amount paid to the truck

owner(s) for individual contract exceeded Rs. 20,000/-. For instance, cashbook dated 31-1-2005 of the appellant shows payments of Rs. 14,750/- and

Rs. 10,510/- to Truck No.RJ14 -G-5599 for transport of cement from the premises of the Cement Company to Bhatinda. The same cashbook page

also shows payments of Rs. 14,750/- and Rs. 9,431/- to Truck No.RJ23-G-3041 for transport of cement. It is the argument that since the individual

payment did not exceed Rs. 20,000/-, the provisions of Section 194C are not applicable. On careful consideration of the material facts, it is observed

that both the entries are consecutive in the cashbook and, therefore, it is observed that the appellant, for its convenience and to avoid rigors of

the provisions of Section 40A(3), splitted the payments into two parts. Had the payments been really made in two parts, both the entries

should not have been consecutive. It is also not understood as to why the truck owners after completing the contract, would accept the amount in two

parts and why they would come to the office of the appellant twice for seeking payments. The theory of making payments in two parts is merely

a story, which is capable neither on facts nor on practicability. It is also surprising to note that in none of the case the appellant made fully

payment to any truck owner all through out the year exceeding Rs.20,000/.â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

6.3. The CIT(A) also examined in detail the question as to whether transport contracts were subject to deduction of tax at source and, with reference

to clause (c) of Explanation (iii) of Section 194C of the Act as also to CBDT Circular Nos. 558 dated 28.03.1990 and 681 dated 08.03.1994, held that

the provisions of Section 194C of the Act were applicable to the contracts for transportation of goods; and the appellant was required to deduct tax at

source if the gross credited or paid or likely to be credited or paid exceeded the limit of Rs. 20,000/-. Having found that the appellant’s case was

squarely covered within the provisions of Section 194C of the Act, the CIT(A) held that in view of the mandatory provisions of Section 40(a)(ia) of

the Act, the payments in question cannot be allowed as deduction while computing total income. Thus, the CIT(A) proceeded to dismiss the appeal

while holding, inter alia, as under:-

“It is, therefore, clear that the appellant’s case was squarely covered within the provisions of the Section 194C and, therefore, it was required

to deduct tax at sources while making payments to the truck owners.

Provisions of Section 40(a)(ia) clearly provide that if any amount payable to a contractor or subcontractor for carrying out any work on which tax is

deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid during the previous year, or in

the subsequent year before the expiry of the time prescribed under sub- section (1) of Section 200, such sum shall not be allowed as a deduction while

computing the total income. As can be seen, the provisions are mandatorily to be complied with in the case a default and the question of existence of

any reasonable cause has got no meaning.

In the light of the entire discussion as above, I hold that the appellant was required by the provisions of the Act to deduct tax on freight payments

totalling to Rs.57,11,625/-. Since the appellant failed to deduct tax at source the sum of Rs.57,11,625/- was rightly disallowed by the Ld. AO. The Ld.

AO rightly invoked the provisions of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act. Therefore, on the given facts as also in law, the ground of appeal fails.â€​

Before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Jodhpur Bench

Aggrieved again, the appellant approached the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Jodhpur Bench [‘ITAT’ for short] in further appeal, being

ITA No. 117/JU/2008. This appeal was considered and dismissed by ITAT by way of its order dated 29.08.2008.

1. The ITAT pointed out that by an application dated 16.07.2008, the appellant sought permission to produce additional evidence i.e., the agreement

dated 01.04.2003 executed between itself and M/s Grasim Industries Limited, and as the Department had no-objection, the same was admitted as

additional evidence by the order dated 17.07.2008 but, another application for admission of evidence in shape of affidavit of partner of the appellant

firm, was objected to by the Department and was rejected.

2. The ITAT found that the agreement in question was on principal to principal basis whereby, the appellant was awarded the work of transporting

cement from Shambupura but, as the appellant did not own any trucks, it had engaged the services of other truck operators/owners for transporting

the cement; and such a transaction was a separate contract between the appellant and the truck operator/owner. The ITAT, therefore, endorsed the

findings of AO and CIT(A) in the following words:-

“13. The perusal of agreement on record reveals that the assessee was awarded a works contract by M/s. Grasim Industries Limited, a cement

marketing division of M/s. Aditya Cement Ltd. This agreement was on principal to principal basis whereby the appellant was awarded the cement

transportation work and in terms of agreement the scope of work was to include placement of trucks for cement transportation from their plant at

Shambupura on regular basis in the state of Rajasthan. In case the assessee failed to provide trucks as per contractual obligation, the company was

free to hire trucks from market at prevailing prices and the amount of expenses incurred if any was to be debited to the assessee’s account

terming him to be a transporter. The assessee merely acted as an independent contractor while carrying on the aforesaid work contract awarded to it

by M/s. Grasim Industries Limited. Admittedly, the appellant did not own trucks of its own for carrying out such transportation contract and has

engaged the services of other truck owners/operators for lifting goods from the premises of M/s Grasim Industries Limited and transporting the same

to various sites in Rajasthan. Goods receipt [GR]/bilty were prepared and the same was to be taken as a contract between the appellant and such

truck owners/operators. A clarification to this effect given vide Board Circular No. 715 dated 8.8.1995 has been brought on record by the Revenue

and strongly relied upon by the assessing authority as well so as to consider the goods carried under particular goods/receipt/bilty as a separate

contract. The assignment of such contract by the appellant to the truck operators/owners was rightly taken as a sub contract for carrying out the job

awarded to the assessee by M /s. Grasim Industries Limited. Provisions of Section 194C were duly attracted to such payments which have been

made/credited or was likely to be paid on account of obligation under each goods receipt/bilty. The assessing authority has found that the payments

made and credited with respect to each of such contracts involving aggregate payment of Rs. 20,000/- on a particular day amounted to Rs. 57,11,625/-

. In the light of clear provisions contained in Section 194C of the Act and having regard to the fact that both the amounts actually paid or credited or

likely to be paid on account of each contract exceeded Rs. 20,000/-on a single day. Section 194C has rightly found applicable. We, therefore, do not

find any wrong committed by the ld. CIT(A) in holding that the assessee has committed default in making deduction with respect to payments

aggregating to Rs. 57,11,625/- without deduction of tax at source.â€​

7.3. The ITAT also negated the argument that by the time of issuance of Circular No. 5 dated 15.07.2005, the time for payment of tax at source had

expired and that Section 40(a)(ia) would only be applicable from the assessment year 2006-2007 and not from the assessment year 2005-2006. The

ITAT also referred to the proviso to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act and pointed out that thereunder, the assessee was eligible to get deduction of such

expenditure in a subsequent year in which TDS was actually paid to the Government. The ITAT observed in regard to these two aspects concerning

applicability of the provision in question as also the effect of proviso thereto, in the following passage:-

“15. The assessee’s counsel also raised a plea that Circular No. 5 was issued only on 15-7-2005 by which date the time for payment of tax at

source has also expired and as such it was contended that the provisions as contained in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act would be applicable not from

A.Y. 2005-06 but from 2006-07. We, however, do not subscribe to the view so canvassed by the assessee. The Finance (No.2) Act 2004 has brought

an amendment in Section 40 of the Act making it applicable w.e.f. 01/04/2004 (sic) [The extraction is from the typed copy of the order of ITAT,

placed on record as Annexure P-5 ( at page 84 of the paper book) but there is obvious typographical error on this date “01.04.2004†because the

amendment of Section 40 of the Act of 1961 by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 was made applicable with effect from “01.04.2005â€. The effect

and implication of the relevant date is examined in Question No. 3 infra.]. Since this amendment came before close of the financial year ended

on 31/03/2005 in the statute books, the assessee cannot be held to be ignorant of its liability to deduct tax at source. The subsequent

board circular issued is merely clarificatory. The amendment in Section 40 of the Act does not take away the right of the assessee to claim deduction

for such expenses for all times to come. It only mandates that the deduction shall not be allowed in the relevant year in which there was liability to

deduct and pay tax at source but the same has not been paid before the expiry of the time prescribed under sub-section (1) of Section 200 of the act.

It also had proviso clause whereby the assessee was eligible to get deduction of such expenditure in a subsequent year in which such

tax deducted at source has actually been paid. The plea raised by the assessee, therefore, does not support the claim.â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

7.4. The ITAT further rejected the contention that the amount of expenditure was not charged to the Profit and Loss Account and only commission

was shown as income. The ITAT observed that mere reflection in two different account books would not qualify for distinct and different treatment

since both freight paid and freight charged partake the same character. The ITAT, accordingly, dismissed the appeal.

Before the High Court

Aggrieved yet again, the appellant approached the High Court in D.B. Income Tax Appeal No. 164 of 2008 against the order passed by ITAT.

However, the appeal so filed was dismissed summarily by the High Court, by its short order dated 15.05.2009 that reads as under:-

“In our view, on the language of Section 194C(2), and the fact that the good received were sent through truck owners by the appellant, and there

was no privity of direct contract between the truck owners and the cement factory. According to the contract between the appellant and the cement

factory, it was the appellant’s responsibility to transport the cement, and for that the appellant hired the services of the truck owners, obviously as

sub-contractors. In that view of the matter, we do not find any error in the impugned order of the Tribunal. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed

summarily.â€​

Thus, the net result of the proceedings aforesaid had been that the consistent views of the AO, CIT(A) and ITAT, that deduction, of the payments

made to the truck operators/owners, cannot be allowed while computing the total income of the assessee-appellant, came to be affirmed by the High

Court.

Rival Submissions

Appellant

Assailing the order so passed by the High Court in summary dismissal of the appeal as also the views expressed in the assessment and appellate

orders, learned counsel for the assessee-appellant has urged before us multiple contentions on the scope and applicability of Section 194C of the Act

as also Section 40(a)(ia) thereof and has argued that these provisions could not have been applied to the case at hand.

10.1. Learned counsel for the appellant has strenuously argued that the provisions of Section 194C of the Act of 1961, particularly sub-section (2)

thereof, were not applicable to the present case for there was no oral or written contract of the appellant with the truck operators/owners, whose

vehicles were engaged to execute the work of transportation of the goods. It has been contended that the liability under Section 194C(2) would have

arisen only if payments were made to “sub-contractor†and that too “in pursuance of a contract†for the purpose of “carrying whole or

any part of work undertaken by the contractorâ€. The learned counsel for the appellant would argue that when there had not been any specific

contract between the appellant and the truck owners, whose vehicles were hired by the appellant on freelance and need basis, the ingredients of

Section 194C(2) were not satisfied and the obligation of deducting tax at source could not have been fastened on the appellant.

10.1.1. The learned counsel has supported his contentions against the applicability of Section 194C of the Act to the present case with reference to the

decision of Delhi High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income-Tax v. Hardarshan Singh: (2013) 350 ITR 427 wherein it was held that when the

assessee merely acted as facilitator or intermediary in the process of transportation of goods, he had no liability to deduct TDS under Section 194C of

the Act.

10.2. The main plank of the submissions of learned counsel for the appellant has been that disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act is confined

to the expenses that are booked during the year but remain payable or outstanding and not the expenses that had already been paid. The learned

counsel has referred to the decision of this Court in the case of J.K. Synthetics Limited v. Commercial Taxes Officer: (1994) 4 SCC 276; and the

definition of the term “paid†in Section 43(2) of the Act to submit that the two expressions “payable†and “paid†are of entirely different

connotations. The learned counsel has painstakingly referred to the contents of the Bill introducing the Finance (No.2) Act of 2004 where the

expressions “credited or paid†were used but in the provision as enacted, the expression “payable†has occurred. According to the learned

counsel, if the legislature intended to disallow the deduction towards the payments made and incurred, it would have used the expression “paidâ€,

which term has been specifically defined for the purposes of Sections 28 to 41 of the Act but the use of expression “payable†makes it clear that

the coverage of the provision is restricted and in any case, it is not applicable over the amount already paid. The learned counsel has also attempted to

draw support to his contentions with reference to the contents of the proviso to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act with the submissions that the meaning and

scope of the main provision is accentuated by the scope of proviso wherein, the expression “paid†is used while giving out the circumstances

when a deduction, not allowed under the main provision, could be claimed in the subsequent year.

10.2.1. Taking this line of argument further, learned counsel would contend that the scope of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act cannot be decided on the

basis of the scope of Section 194C of the Act. Learned counsel would submit that Section 201 of the Act provides for consequence of non-deduction

of TDS either at the time of payment or booking, whichever is earlier; and thus, the said provision would apply to both the situations where the

expenses amount has been “paid†or is “payableâ€. However, according to the learned counsel, the additional consequence of default as

provided in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act would come into operation only if the alleged default strictly falls within the language of this provision, which is

limited to the amount “payableâ€. Learned counsel would submit that the scope of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act cannot be expanded beyond its

language merely because as per Section 194C, the liability to deduct tax is at the time of “credit of such amount to the account of a contractor†or

at the time of “payment†whichever is earlier. With reference to the decision of this Court in the case of Institute of Chartered Accountants of

India v. Price Waterhouse: (1997) 93 Taxman 588, the learned counsel has argued that when the words are clear and there is no obscurity, the

intention of legislature has to be inferred only from the words used in the provision.

10.2.2. Thus, learned counsel for the appellant has strenuously argued that Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act remains limited in its scope and does not apply

to the amount already “paidâ€. However, being aware of the position that the substratum of such contentions does not stand in conformity with the

view already taken by this Court in the case of Palam Gas Service v. Commissioner of Income-Tax : (2017) 394 ITR 300, the learned counsel has

made elaborate submissions that the said decision in Palam Gas Service requires reconsideration. According to the learned counsel, such

reconsideration is necessitated because of the factors that: (a) the taxing provision for disallowance has to be strictly construed as per the language

used and there is no scope for adopting the so-called purposive construction; (b) the change of words used in the Bill “credited or paid†to the

word “payable†has been ignored; (c) the effect of proviso making it clear that the intent of the main provision is only to disallow the outstanding

or payable amounts has not been considered; and (d) the Court has widened the scope of consequences provided under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act

based on the scope of Sections 194C and 201 of the Act, although such an approach is impermissible while interpreting a provision in the taxing

statute.

10.3. Learned counsel for the appellant has argued in the alternative that the said sub-clause (ia), having been inserted to clause (a) of Section 40 of

the Act with effect from 01.04.2005 by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004, would apply only from the financial year 2005-2006 and hence, cannot apply to

the present case pertaining to the financial year 2004-2005. In support, the learned counsel has referred to and relied upon the decision of Calcutta

High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh v. Deputy Commissioner of Income-Tax & Ors.: (2016) 386 ITR 322. Supplemental to these contentions, the

learned counsel has also argued that, in any case, the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 received the assent of the President of India on 10.09.2004 and hence,

the rigour of sub-clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act cannot be applied in relation to the payments already made before 10.09.2004, the date of

introduction of this provision.

10.3.1. In yet another alternative, learned counsel for the appellant has referred to the amendment made to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act by the Finance

(No.2) Act, 2014, restricting and limiting the extent of disallowance to 30% of the expenditure and has submitted that the said amendment, being

curative in nature and having been introduced to ameliorate the hardships faced by the assessees, deserves to be applied retrospectively and from the

date of introduction of sub-clause (ia) to Section 40(a) of the Act. The learned counsel has developed this argument by relying on the decision in

Commissioner of Income-Tax v. Calcutta Export Company: (2018) 404 ITR 654, wherein this Court has held the remedial amendment of Section

40(a)(ia) of the Act by the Finance Act, 2010 to be retrospective in nature and applicable from the date of insertion of the said provision.

10.4. Learned counsel for the appellant has lastly submitted that the result of applying the provisions in question to the entire payment practically leads

to a highly incongruous position that whole of the receipt from company is treated as the income of the appellant and taxed accordingly, but without

due provision towards necessary expenses. According to the learned counsel, in such contracts, the annual income of the transport contractor like the

appellant cannot be, and is not, to the extent of about Rs. 57 lakhs, as sought to be taxed in the present matter.

Respondent

Per contra, the learned counsel for respondent-revenue has duly supported the orders impugned, essentially with reference to the reasonings

therein and also with reference to the decision of this Court in Palam Gas Service (supra).

11.1. Learned counsel for the revenue has, in the first place, contended with reference to the decided cases that the concurrent findings of fact

recorded by the authorities and ITAT, as affirmed by the High Court call for no interference for no case of apparent perversity being made out.

11.2. Learned counsel has further submitted that the appellant admittedly carried out the work of transportation by hiring the trucks and made

payments to the operators/owners while issuing an invoice/bilty/challan for every such hiring, which constituted a separate contract/sub-contract.

According to the learned counsel, in such dealings, the appellant was required to deduct tax at source in terms of Section 194C of the Act when

making payment to any truck operator/owner in the sum exceeding Rs. 20,000/-; and the appellant having failed to do so, the provisions of Section

40(a)(ia) have rightly been invoked.

11.3. Learned counsel for the revenue has made elaborate reference to the decision of this Court in the case of Palam Gas Service (supra) and has

submitted that the principal contention on the part of the appellant, that the expression “payableâ€, as occurring in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act,

refers only to those cases where the amount is yet to be paid and does not cover the cases where the amount is actually paid, has been duly

considered and specifically rejected by this Court; and the said decision squarely covers the present matter. The learned counsel has argued that in the

case of Palam Gas Service (supra), this Court having holistically examined the scheme of the provisions in question, there is no scope for

reconsideration of the said decision; and this appeal deserves to be dismissed for the question sought to be raised as regard interpretation of Section

40(a)(ia) of the Act being no more res integra.

11.4. Learned counsel for the revenue has further contended that the amendment to Section 40(a) of the Act with insertion of sub-clause (ia) by the

Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 with effect from 01.04.2005 directly applies to the assessment year 2005-2006; and for the appellant having failed to deduct

tax at source from the payment made to the sub-contractors for the work of transportation, deduction of such payment has rightly been disallowed.

11.5. The learned counsel has also argued that the proviso to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, as inserted by the Finance Act, 2014, does not apply to the

case at hand pertaining to the assessment year 2005-2006 and hence, the argument for curative benefit with reference to the said proviso does not

hold the ground.

Questions for determination

Having regard to the submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties and the observations occurring in the orders impugned, the principal

questions arising for determination in this appeal could be stated as follows:-

As to whether Section 194C of the Act does not apply to the present case?

As to whether disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act is confined/limited to the amount “payable†and not to the amount “already

paidâ€​; and whether the decision of this Court in Palam Gas Service v. Commissioner of Income-Tax: (2017) 394 ITR 300 requires reconsideration?

As to whether sub-clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act, as inserted by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 with effect from 01.04.2005, is applicable

only from the financial year 2005-2006 and, hence, is not applicable to the present case relating to the financial year 2004-2005; and, at any rate,

whole of the rigour of this provision cannot be applied to the present case?

As to whether the payments in question have rightly been disallowed from deduction while computing the total income of the assessee-appellant?

Relevant Provisions

For determination of the questions aforesaid, we need to closely look at the statutory provisions in the Act of 1961 which have material bearing on

this case.

13.1. It is noticed that elaborate provisions have been made in Chapter XVII of the Act of 1961 for “Collection and Recovery of Tax†and Part B

thereof carries the provisions concerning “Deduction at Sourceâ€. Sections 194C, 200 and 201, which have come in reference in the present

matter, are contained in this part and the same, as existing at the relevant point of time pertaining to the assessment year 2005-2006, may be usefully

noticed.

13.1.1. The liability against the appellant has basically arisen because of its alleged non-compliance of the requirements of Section 194C of the Act. At

the relevant point of time, this provision read as under:-

“194C. Payments to contractors and sub-contractors.-

(1) Any person responsible for paying any sum to any resident (hereafter in this section referred to as the contractor) for carrying out any work

(including supply of labour for carrying out any work) in pursuance of a contract between the contractor and-

(a) the Central Government or any State Government;

or

(b) any local authority; or

(c) any corporation established by or under a Central, State or Provincial Act; or

(d) any company; or

(e) any co-operative society; or

(f) any authority, constituted in India by or under any law, engaged either for the purpose of dealing with and satisfying the need for housing

accommodation or for the purpose of planning, development or improvement of cities, towns and villages, or for both; or

(g) any society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860) or under any law corresponding to that Act in force in any part of

India; or

(h) any trust; or

(i) any University established or incorporated by or under a Central, State or Provincial Act and an institution declared to be a University under section

3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (3 of 1956); or

(j) any firm,

shall, at the time of credit of such sum to the account of the contractor or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by issue of a cheque or draft or by

any other mode, whichever is earlier, deduct an amount equal to-

(i) one per cent in case of advertising, (ii)in any other case two per cent, of such sum as income-tax on income comprised therein.

(2) Any person (being a contractor and not being an individual or a Hindu undivided family) responsible for paying any sum to any resident (hereafter

in this section referred to as the sub-contractor) in pursuance of a contract with the sub-contractor for carrying out, or for the supply of labour for

carrying out, the whole or any part of the work undertaken by the contractor or for supplying whether wholly or partly any labour which the contractor

has undertaken to supply shall, at the time of credit of such sum to the account of the sub-contractor or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by

issue of a cheque or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier, deduct an amount equal to one per cent of such sum as income-tax on income

comprised therein:

Provided that an individual or a Hindu undivided family, whose total sales, gross receipts or turnover from the business or profession carried on by him

exceed the monetary limits specified under clause (a) or clause (b) of section 44AB during the financial year immediately preceding the financial year

in which such sum is credited or paid to the account of the sub-contractor, shall be liable to deduct income-tax under this sub-section.

Explanation I.- For the purposes of sub-section (2), the expression “contractor†shall also include a contractor who is carrying out any work

(including supply of labour for carrying out any work) in pursuance of a contract between the contractor and the Government of a foreign State or a

foreign enterprise or any association or body established outside India.

Explanation II. -For the purposes of this section, where any sum referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) is credited to any account, whether

called “Suspense account†or by any other name, in the books of account of the person liable to pay such income, such crediting shall be deemed

to be credit of such income to the account of the payee and the provisions of this section shall apply accordingly.

Explanation III. â€" For the purposes of this section, the expression “Workâ€​ shall also include-

(a) advertising;

(b) broadcasting and telecasting including production of programmes for such broadcasting or telecasting;

(c) carriage of goods and passengers by any mode of transport other than by railways;

(d) catering.

(3) No deduction shall be made under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) from-

(i) the amount of any sum credited or paid or likely to be credited or paid to the account of, or to, the contractor or sub-contractor, if such sum does

not exceed twenty thousand rupees:

Provided that where the aggregate of the amounts of such sums credited or paid or likely to be credited or paid during the financial year exceeds fifty

thousand rupees, the person responsible for paying such sums referred to in sub-section (1) or, as the case may be, sub-section (2) shall be liable to

deduct income-tax under this section; or

(ii) any sum credited or paid before the 1st day of June, 1972;

or

(iii) any sum credited or paid before the 1st day of June, 1973, in pursuance of a contract between the contractor and a co-operative society or in

pursuance of a contract between such contractor and the sub-contractor in relation to any work (including supply of labour for carrying out any work)

undertaken by the contractor for the co-operative society.â€​

13.1.2. Sections 200 and 201 of the Act, respectively dealing with the duty of the person deducting tax and consequences on failure to deduct or pay,

as applicable at the relevant time, could also be reproduced as under:-

“200. Duty of person deducting tax.

(1) Any person deducting any sum in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Chapter [The words “the foregoing provisions of this

Chapter†were substituted for the previous expressions carrying various provisions of the Act, by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004, w.e.f. 01.10.2004.],

shall pay within the prescribed time, the sum so deducted to the credit of the Central Government or as the Board directs.

(2) Any person being an employer, referred to in sub-section (1A) of section 192 shall pay, within the prescribed time, the tax to the credit of the

Central Government or as the Board directs. [Sub-section (2) was inserted by the Finance Act, 2002]

(3) Any person deducting any sum on or after the 1st day of April, 2005 in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Chapter or, as the case

may be, any person being an employer referred to in sub-section (1A) of section 192 shall, after paying the tax deducted to the credit of the Central

Government within the prescribed time, prepare quarterly statements for the period ending on the 30th June, the 30th September, the 31st December

and the 31st March in each financial year and deliver or cause to be delivered to the prescribed income-tax authority or the person authorised by such

authority such statement in such form and verified in such manner and setting forth such particulars and within such time as may be prescribed. [Sub-

section (3) was inserted by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004, w.e.f. 01.04.2005.]

Consequences of failure to deduct or pay.

(1) If any such person referred to in section 200 and in the cases referred to in section 194, the principal officer and the company of which he is the

principal officer does not deduct the whole or any part of the tax or after deducting fails to pay the tax as required by or under this Act, he or it shall,

without prejudice to any other consequences which he or it may incur, be deemed to be an assessee in default in respect of the tax:

Provided that no penalty shall be charged under section 221 from such person, principal officer or company unless the Assessing Officer is satisfied

that such person or principal officer or company, as the case may be, has without good and sufficient reasons failed to deduct and pay the tax.

(1A) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), if any such person, principal officer or company as is referred to in that sub-section does

not deduct the whole or any part of the tax or after deducting fails to pay the tax as required by or under this Act, he or it shall be liable to pay simple

interest at twelve per cent per annum on the amount of such tax from the date on which such tax was deductible to the date on which such tax is

actually paid.

(2) Where the tax has not been paid as aforesaid after it is deducted, the amount of the tax together with the amount of simple interest thereon

referred to in sub-section (1A) shall be a charge upon all the assets of the person, or the company, as the case may be, referred to in sub-section

(1).â€​

13.2. Chapter IV of the Act of 1961 deals with the subject “Computation of Total Income†and Section 40 occurs in Part D thereof, carrying the

provisions relating to the “Profits and Gains of Business or Professionâ€. Even when Sections 30 to 38 provide for various allowances and

deductions in computation of the income from profits and gains of business or profession, Section 40 specifically ordains that certain amounts shall not

be deducted, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the said Sections 30 to 38 of the Act. In the present matter, we are concerned with

the provisions contained in sub-clause (ia) of clause (a) of Section 40 of the Act, which was inserted by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 with effect

from 01.04.2005. Hence, the extraction hereunder is essentially of the provision that could be read as Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act after insertion by

the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004: -

“40. Amounts not deductible. - Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in sections 30 to 38, the following amounts shall not be deducted in

computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or professionâ€​,-

(a) in the case of any assessee-

*** *** ***

(ia) any interest, commission or brokerage, fees for professional services or fees for technical services payable to a resident, or amounts payable to a

contractor or sub-contractor, being resident, for carrying out any work (including supply of labour for carrying out any work), on which tax is

deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid during the previous year, or in

the subsequent year before the expiry of the time prescribed under sub-section (1) of section 200:

Provided that where in respect of any such sum, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year or, has been deducted in the previous year but paid in

any subsequent year after the expiry of the time prescribed under sub-section (1) of section 200, such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in

computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid.

Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-clause,-

(i) “commission or brokerageâ€​ shall have the same meaning as in clause (i) of the Explanation to section 194H;

(ii) “fees for technical servicesâ€​ shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 9;

(iii) “professional servicesâ€​ shall have the same meaning as in clause (a) of the Explanation to section 194J;

(iv) “workâ€​ shall have the same meaning as in Explanation III to section 194C;

*** *** ***â€​

We may usefully indicate that Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act has undergone several amendments from time to time and in one segment of arguments,

the amendments as made in the years 2010 and 2014, have been referred on behalf of the appellant. We shall refer to the relevant contents of this

provision after such amendments while dealing with that part of arguments at the appropriate juncture hereafter later.

13.3. Section 43 in the very same Part D of Chapter IV of the Act of 1961 defines various terms relevant to the income from profits and gains of

business or profession; and clause (2) thereof, carrying the definition of the expression “paidâ€, having been referred in the present matter, could

also be usefully reproduced as under:-

“43. Definitions of certain terms relevant to income from profits and gains of business or profession. - In sections 28 to 41 and in this

section, unless the context otherwise requires-

*** *** ***

(2) “paid†means actually paid or incurred according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the profits or gains are computed under

the head “Profits and gains of business or professionâ€​;

*** *** ***â€​

13.4. For their relevance in relation to another segment of arguments, we may also take note of the meaning assigned to the expression

“assessment yearâ€​ in clause (9) of Section 2; and to the expression “previous yearâ€​ in Section 3 of the Act of 1961 as follows: -

“2. Definitions.- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

*** *** ***

(9) “assessment yearâ€​ means the period of twelve months commencing on the 1st day of April every year;

*** *** ***â€​

“3. “Previous year†defined.- For the purposes of this Act, “previous year†means the financial year immediately preceding the

assessment year:

*** *** ***â€​

We may now take up the questions involved in this matter adseriatim.

Question No.1

In order to maintain that the appellant was under no obligation to make any deduction of tax at source, it has been argued that there was no oral or

written contract of the appellant with the truck operators/owners, whose vehicles were engaged to execute the work of transportation of the goods

only on freelance and need basis. The submission has been that the question of TDS under Section 194C(2) would have arisen only if the payment

was made to a “sub-contractor†and that too, in pursuance of a contract for the purpose of “carrying whole or any part of work undertaken by

the contractorâ€​. In our view, the submissions so made remain entirely baseless.

15.1. The nature of contract entered into by the appellant with the consignor company makes it clear that the appellant was to transport the goods

(cement) of the consignor company; and in order to execute this contract, the appellant hired the transport vehicles, namely, the trucks from different

operators/owners. The appellant received freight charges from the consignor company, who indeed deducted tax at source while making such

payment to the appellant. Thereafter, the appellant paid the charges to the persons whose vehicles were hired for the purpose of the said work of

transportation of goods. Thus, the goods in question were transported through the trucks employed by the appellant but, there was no privity of

contract between the truck operators/owners and the said consignor company. Indisputably, it was the responsibility of the appellant to transport the

goods (cement) of the company; and how to accomplish this task of transportation was a matter exclusively within the domain of the appellant. Hence,

hiring the services of truck operators/owners for this purpose could have only been under a contract between the appellant and the said truck

operators/owners. Whether such a contract was reduced into writing or not carries hardly any relevance. In the given scenario and set up, the said

truck operators/owners answered to the description of “sub-contractor†for carrying out the whole or part of the work undertaken by the

contractor (i.e., the appellant) for the purpose of Section 194C(2) of the Act.

15.2. The suggestions on behalf of the appellant that the said truck operators/owners were not bound to supply the trucks as per the need of the

appellant nor the freight payable to them was pre-determined, in our view, carry no meaning at all. Needless to observe that if a particular truck was

not engaged, there existed no contract but, when any truck got engaged for the purpose of execution of the work undertaken by the appellant and

freight charges were payable to its operator/owner upon execution of the work, i.e., transportation of the goods, all the essentials of making of a

contract existed; and, as aforesaid, the said truck operator/owner became a sub-contractor for the purpose of the work in question. The AO, CIT(A)

and the ITAT have concurrently decided this issue against the appellant with reference to the facts of the case, particularly after appreciating the

nature of contract of the appellant with the consignor company as also the nature of dealing of the appellant, while holding that the truck

operators/owners were engaged by the appellant as sub-contractors. The same findings have been endorsed by the High Court in its short order

dismissing the appeal of the appellant. We are unable to find anything of error or infirmity in these findings.

15.3. The decision of Delhi High Court in the case of Hardarshan Singh (supra), in our view, has no application whatsoever to the facts of the present

case. The assessee therein, who was in the business of transporting goods, had four trucks of his own and was also acting as a commission agent by

arranging for transportation through other transporters. As regards the income of assessee relatable to transportation through other transporters, it was

found that the assessee had merely acted as a facilitator or as an intermediary between the two parties (i.e., the consignor company and the

transporter) and had no privity of contract with either of such parties inasmuch as he only collected freight charges from the clients who intended to

transport their goods through other transporters; and the amount thus collected from the clients was paid to those transporters by the assessee while

deducting his commission. Looking to the nature of such dealings, the said assessee was held to be “not the person responsible†for making

payments in terms of Section 194C of the Act and hence, having no obligation to deduct tax at source. In contradistinction to the said case of

Hardarshan Singh, the appellant of the present case was not acting as a facilitator or intermediary between the consignor company and the truck

operators/owners because those two parties had no privity of contract between them. The contract of the company, for transportation of its goods,

had only been with the appellant and it was the appellant who hired the services of the trucks. The payment made by the appellant to such a truck

operator/owner was clearly a payment made to a sub-contractor.

15.4. Though the decision of this Court in the case of Palam Gas Service (supra) essentially relates to the interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act

and while the relevant aspects concerning the said provision shall be examined in the next question but, for the present purpose, the facts of thatÂ

case could be usefully noticed, for being akin to the facts of the present case and being of apposite illustration. Therein, the assessee was engaged in

the business of purchase and sale of LPG cylinders whose main contract for carriage of LPG cylinders was with Indian Oil Corporation, Baddi

wherefor, the assessee received freight payments from the principal. The assessee got the transportation of LPG done through three persons to whom

he made the freight payments. The Assessing Officer held that the assessee had entered into a sub-contract with the said three persons within the

meaning of Section 194C of the Act. Such findings of AO were concurrently upheld up to the High Court and, after interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia),

this Court also approved the decision of the High Court while dismissing the appeal with costs. Learned counsel for the appellant has made an attempt

to distinguish the nature of contract in Palam Gas Service by suggesting that therein, the assessee’s sub-contractors were specific and identified

persons with whom the assessee had entered into contract whereas the present appellant was free to hire the service of any truck operator/owner

and, in fact, the appellant hired the trucks only on need basis. In our view, such an attempt of differentiation is totally baseless and futile. Whether the

appellant had specific and identified trucks on its rolls or had been picking them up on freelance basis, the legal effect on the status of parties had been

the same that once a particular truck was engaged by the appellant on hire charges for carrying out the part of work undertaken by it (i.e.,

transportation of the goods of the company), the operator/owner of that truck became the sub-contractor and all the requirements of Section 194C

came into operation.

15.5. Thus, we have no hesitation in affirming the concurrent findings in regard to the applicability of Section 194C to the present case. Question No.1

is, therefore, answered in the negative; against the assessee-appellant and in favour of the revenue.

Question No.2.

While taking up the question of interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia), it may be usefully noticed that Section 194C is placed in Chapter XVII of the

Act on the subject “Collection and Recovery of Taxâ€; and specific provisions are made in the Act to ensure that the requirements of Section

194C are met and complied with, while also providing for the consequences of default. As noticed, Section 200 specifically provides for the duties of

the person deducting tax to deposit and submit the statement to that effect. The consequences of failure to deduct or pay the tax are then provided in

Section 201 of the Act which, as noticed, puts such defaulting person in the category of “the assessee in default in respect of the tax†apart from

other consequences which he or it may incur. The aspect relevant for the present purpose is that Section 40 of the Act, and particularly the provision

contained in sub-clause (ia) of clause (a) thereof, indeed provides for one of such consequences.

16.1. Section 40(a)(ia) provides for the consequences of default in the case where tax is deductible at source on any interest, commission, brokerage

or fees but had not been so deducted, or had not been paid after deduction (during the previous year or in the subsequent year before expiry of the

prescribed time) in the manner that the amount of such interest, commission, brokerage or fees shall not be deducted in computing the income

chargeable under “profits and gains of business or professionâ€. In other words, it shall be computed as income of the assessee because of his

default in not deducting the tax at source.

16.2. In the overall scheme of the provisions relating to collection and recovery of tax, it is evident that the object of legislature in introduction of the

provisions like sub-clause (ia) of clause (a) of Section 40 had been to ensure strict and punctual compliance of the requirement of deducting tax at

source. In other words, the consequences, as provided therein, had the underlying objective of ensuring compliance of the requirements of TDS. It is

also noteworthy that in the proviso added to clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act, it was provided that where in respect of the sum referable to TDS

requirement, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but paid in any subsequent year after the

expiry of the time prescribed in Section 200(1), such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such

tax has been paid.

16.3. The purpose and coverage of this provision as also protection therein have been tersely explained by this Court in the case of Calcutta Export

Company (supra), which has been cited by learned counsel for the appellant in support of another limb of submissions which we shall be dealing with

in the next question. For the present purpose, we may notice the relevant observations of this Court in Calcutta Export Company as regards Section

40(a)(ia) of the Act as follows (at p. 662 of ITR):-

“16. The purpose is very much clear from the above referred explanation by the Memorandum that it came with a purpose to ensure tax

compliance. The fact that the intention of the Legislature was not to punish the assessee is further reflected from a bare reading of the provisions of

section 40(a)(ia) of the Income-tax Act. It only results in shifting of the year in which the expenditure can be claimed as deduction. In a case where

the tax deducted at source was duly deposited with the Government within the prescribed time, the said amount can be claimed as a deduction from

the income in the previous year in which the TDS was deducted. However, when the amount deducted in the form of TDS was deposited with the

Government after the expiry of period allowed for such deposit then the deductions can be claimed for such deposited TDS amount only in the

previous year in which such payment was made to the Government.â€​

16.4. Taking up the question as to whether disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act is confined to the amount “payable†and not to the

amount “already paidâ€, we find that these aspects of interpretation do not require much dilation in view of the ratio of the decision of this Court

in the case of Palam Gas Service (supra).

16.5. In fact, the decision in Palam Gas Service (supra) is a direct answer to all the contentions urged on behalf of the appellant in the present case. In

that case, this Court approved the views of Punjab and Haryana High Court in the case of P.M.S. Diesels and Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax:

(2015) 374 ITR 562 as regards mandatory nature of the provisions relating to the liability to deduct tax at source in the following words (at pp. 306-308

of ITR):-

“11. The Punjab & Haryana High Court in P.M.S. Diesels v. CIT [2015] 374 ITR 562 (P&H), has held these provisions to be mandatory in nature

with the following observations:

“The liability to deduct tax at source under the provisions of Chapter XVII is mandatory. A person responsible for paying any sum is also liable to

deposit the amount in the Government account. All the sections in Chapter XVII- B require a person to deduct the tax at source at the rates specified

therein. The requirement in each of the sections is preceded by the word ‘shall’. The provisions are, therefore, mandatory. There is nothing in

any of the sections that would warrant our reading the word ‘shall’ as ‘may’. The point of time at which the deduction is to be made also

establishes that the provisions are mandatory. For instance, under section 194C, a person responsible for paying the sum is required to deduct the tax

at the time of credit of such sum to the account of the contractor or at the time of the payment thereof. ......’â€​

While holding the aforesaid view, the Punjab and Haryana High Court discussed the judgments of the Calcutta and Madras High Courts, which

had taken the same view, and concurred with the same, which is clear from the following discussion contained in the judgment of the Punjab and

Haryana High Court:

“A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court in CIT v. Crescent Export Syndicate [2013] 216 Taxman 258 (Cal) held :

‘13. …

‘The term “shall†used in all these sections make it clear that these are mandatory provisions and applicable to the entire sum contemplated

under the respective sections. These sections do not give any leverage to the assessee to make the payment without making TDS. On the contrary,

the intention of the Legislature is evident from the fact that timing of deduction of tax is earliest possible opportunity to recover tax, either at the time

of credit in the account of payee or at the time of payment to payee, whichever is earlier.’

Ms. Dhugga invited our attention to a judgment of the Division Bench of the Madras High Court in Tube Investments of India Ltd. v. Asst. CIT

(TDS) [2010] 325 ITR 610 (Mad). The Division Bench referred to the statistics placed before it by the Department which disclosed that TDS

collection had augmented the revenue. The gross collection of advance tax, surcharge, etc. was Rs 2,75,857.70 crores in the financial year 2008-09 of

which the TDS component alone constituted Rs 1,30,470.80 crores. The Division Bench observed that introduction of section 40(a)(ia) had achieved

the objective of augmenting the TDS to a substantial extent. The Division Bench also observed that when the provisions and procedures relating to

TDS are scrupulously applied, it also ensured the identification of the payees thereby confirming the network of assessees and that once the assessees

are identified it would enable the tax collection machinery to bring within its fold all such persons who are liable to come within the network of

taxpayers. These objects also indicate the legislative intent that the requirement of deducting tax at source is mandatory.

The liability to deduct tax at source is, therefore, mandatory.â€​

The aforesaid interpretation of sections 194C conjointly with section 200 and rule 30(2) is unblemished and without any iota of

doubt. We, thus, give our imprimatur to the view taken…...â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

16.5.1. Having said that deducting tax at source is obligatory, this Court proceeded to deal with the issue as to whether the word 'payable' in Section

40(a)(ia) would cover only those cases where the amount is payable and not where it has actually been paid. This Court took note of the exhaustive

interpretation of various aspects related with this issue by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the case of P.M.S. Diesels (supra) as also by the

Calcutta High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income-Tax, Kolkata-XI v. Crescent Export Syndicate: (2013) 216 Taxman 258; and while

approving the same, this Court held, as regards implication and connotation of the expression “payable†used in this provision, as follows (at p. 310

of ITR):-

“15. We approve the aforesaid view as well. As a fortiori, it follows that section 40(a)(ia) covers not only those cases where the amount

is payable but also when it is paid. In this behalf, one has to keep in mind the purpose with which section 40 was enacted and that has already been

noted above. We have also to keep in mind the provisions of sections 194C and 200. Once it is found that the aforesaid sections mandate a person to

deduct tax at source not only on the amounts payable but also when the sums are actually paid to the contractor, any person who does not adhere

to this statutory obligation has to suffer the consequences which are stipulated in the Act itself. Certain consequences of failure to deduct tax

at source from the payments made, where tax was to be deducted at source or failure to pay the same to the credit of the Central Government, are

stipulated in section 201 of the Act. This section provides that in that contingency, such a person would be deemed to be an assessee in default in

respect of such tax. While stipulating this consequence, section 201 categorically states that the aforesaid sections would be without prejudice to any

other consequences which that defaulter may incur. Other consequences are provided under section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, namely, payments made by

such a person to a contractor shall not be treated as deductible expenditure. When read in this context, it is clear that section 40(a)(ia) deals with the

nature of default and the consequences thereof. Default is relatable to Chapter XVII-B (in the instant case sections 194C and 200, which provisions

are in the aforesaid Chapter). When the entire scheme of obligation to deduct the tax at source and paying it over to the Central

Government is read holistically, it cannot be held that the word “payable†occurring in section 40(a)(ia) refers to only those cases

where the amount is yet to be paid and does not cover the cases where the amount is actually paid. If the provision is interpreted in the

manner suggested by the appellant herein, then even when it is found that a person, like the appellant, has violated the provisions of Chapter XVII-B

(or specifically sections 194C and 200 in the instant case), he would still go scot-free, without suffering the consequences of such monetary default in

spite of specific provisions laying down these consequences…...â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

16.6. We may profitably observe that in the case of P.M.S. Diesels (supra), the Punjab and Haryana High Court had extensively dealt with myriad

features of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, including the term “payable†used therein as also the proviso thereto; and expounded on the entire gamut

of this provision while making reference to Finance (No. 2) Bill of 2004 introducing the provision and while also drawing support from the views

expressed by Calcutta High Court in the case of Crescent Export Syndicate (supra). As regards the interpretation of the term “payableâ€, it was

observed in P.M.S. Diesels as under (at pp. 574-575 of ITR):-

“21. Section 40(a)(ia), therefore, applies not merely to assessees following the mercantile system but also to assessees following the cash system.

If this view is correct and indeed we must proceed on the footing that it is, it goes a long way in indicating the fallacy in the appellant's main

contention, namely, if the payments have already been made by the assessee to the payee/contracting party, the provisions of section 40(a)(ia) would

not be attracted even if the tax is not deducted and/or paid over to the Government account.

Section 40(a)(ia) refers to the nature of the default and the consequence of the default. The default is a failure to deduct the tax at source under

Chapter XVII-B or after deduction the failure to pay over the same to the Government account.T he term ""payable"" only indicates the type or

nature of the payments by the assessees to the persons/payees referred to in section 40(a)(ia), such as, contractors. It is not in respect of

every payment to a payee referred to in Chapter XVII-B that an assessee is bound to deduct tax. There may be payments to persons referred to in

Chapter XVII-B, which do not attract the provisions of Chapter XVII-B. The consequences under section 40(a)(ia) would only operate on account of

failure to deduct tax where the tax is liable to be deducted under the provisions of the Act and in particular Chapter XVII-B thereof.I t is in that

sense that the term ""payable"" has been used. The term ""payable"" is descriptive of the payments which attract the liability to deduct

tax at source. It does not categorize defaults on the basis of when the payments are made to the payees of such amounts which attract

the liability to deduct tax at source.â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

16.7. We find the above-extracted observations and reasonings, which have already been approved by this Court in Palam Gas Service (supra), to be

precisely in accord with the scheme and purpose of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act; and are in complete answer to the contentions urged by the learned

counsel for the appellant. It is ex facie evident that the term ""payable"" has been used in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act only to indicate the type or nature

of the payments by the assessees to the payees referred therein. In other words, the expression ""payable"" is descriptive of the payments which attract

the liability for deducting tax at source and it has not been used in the provision in question to specify any particular class of default on the basis as to

whether payment has been made or not. The semantical suggestion by the learned counsel for the appellant, that this expression “payable†be

read in contradistinction to the expression “paidâ€, sans merit and could only be rejected. In a nutshell, while respectfully following Palam Gas

Service (supra), we could only iterate our approval to the interpretation by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in P.M.S. Diesels (supra).

16.8. Faced with the position that declaration of law in Palam Gas Service (supra) practically covers this matter, learned counsel for the appellant has

endeavoured to submit that the decision in Palam Gas Service, requires reconsideration for the reason that certain aspects of law have not been

considered therein and correct principles of interpretation have not been applied. We are unable to find substance in any of these contentions. The

decision of Co-ordinate Bench in Palam Gas Service (supra) on the core question of law is equally binding on this Bench and could be doubted only if

the view, as taken, is shown to be not in conformity with any binding decision of the Larger Bench or any statutory provisions or any other reason of

the like nature. We find none. In fact, a close look at the decision of P.M.S. Diesels (supra), which has been totally approved by this Court in Palam

Gas Service, makes it clear that therein, every aspect of the matter, from a wide range of angles, was examined by the Punjab and Haryana High

Court while drawing support from the decisions of other High Courts, particularly that of the Calcutta High Court in the case of Crescent Export

Syndicate (supra).

16.9. We are in respectful agreement with the observations in Palam Gas Service that the enunciations in P.M.S. Diesels had been of correct

interpretation of the provisions contained in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act. The decision in Palam Gas Service covers the entire matter and the said

decision, in our view, does not require any reconsideration. That being the position, the contention urged on behalf of the appellant that disallowance

under Section 40(a)(ia) does not relate to the amount already paid stands rejected.

16.10. Another contention in regard to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, that its scope cannot be decided on the basis of Section 194C, has only been noted

to be rejected. The interplay of these provisions is not far to seek where Section 40(a)(ia) is not a stand-alone provision but provides one of those

additional consequences as indicated in Section 201 of the Act for default by a person in compliance of the requirements of the provisions contained in

Part B of Chapter XVII of the Act. The scheme of these provisions makes it clear that the default in compliance of the requirements of the provisions

contained in Part B of Chapter XVII of the Act (that carries Sections 194C, 200 and 201) leads, inter alia, to the consequence of Section 40(a)(ia) of

the Act. Hence, the contours of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act could be aptly defined only with reference to the requirements of the provisions contained

in Part B of Chapter XVII of the Act, including Sections 194C, 200 and 201. Putting it differently, when the obligation of Section 194C of the Act is

the foundation of the consequence provided by Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, reference to the former is inevitable in interpretation of the latter.

16.11. In view of the above, reference to the definition of the term “paidâ€​ in Section 43(2) of the Act is of no assistance to the appellant. Similarly,

the observations in the case of J.K. Synthetics (supra), as regards the difference in connotation of the expressions “payable†and “paidâ€, in

the context of liability to pay interest on the tax payable under the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act, 1954, has no co-relation whatsoever to the present case.

Further, when it is found that the process of interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act in P.M.S. Diesels (supra), as approved by this Court in

Palam Gas Service (supra), had been with due application of the relevant principles, reference to the decision in the case of Institute of Chartered

Accountants of India (supra), on the general principles of interpretation, does not advance the case of the appellant in any manner.

16.12. In view of the above, Question No.2 is also answered in the negative; against the assessee-appellant and in favour of the revenue.

Question No.3

Quite conscious of the position that the decision of this Court in Palam Gas Service (supra) practically covers the substance of present matter

against the assessee, learned counsel for the assessee-appellant has made a few alternative attempts to argue against the disallowance in question.

17.1. The learned counsel would submit that the said sub-clause (ia), having been inserted to clause (a) of Section 40 of the Act with effect from

01.04.2005 by Finance (No.2) Act, 2004, would apply only from the financial year 2005-2006 and hence, cannot apply to the present case pertaining to

the financial year 2004-2005. The learned counsel, of course, drew support to this contention from the decision of Calcutta High Court in the case of

PIU Ghosh (supra).

17.1.1. Before proceeding further, it appears apposite to observe, as indicated in paragraph 7.3 hereinbefore, that in the copy of order passed by ITAT

in this case, there is obvious typographical error on the date of coming into force of the amendment to Section 40 of the Act of 1961 by the Finance

(No.2) Act, 2004 inasmuch as the said amendment was made applicable with effect from 01.04.2005 and not 01.04.2004, as appearing the copy of the

order of ITAT. However, this error is not of material bearing because the amendment in question was applicable from and for the assessment year

2005-2006, for the reasons occurring infra.

17.2. Reverting to the contentions urged in this case, there is no doubt that in PIU Ghosh (supra), the Calcutta High Court, indeed, took the view which

the learned counsel for the appellant has canvassed before us. The Calcutta High Court observed that the said Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 got

presidential assent on 10.09.2004 and it was provided that the provision in question shall stand inserted with effect from 01.04.2005. According to the

Calcutta High Court, the assessee could not have foreseen prior to 10.09.2004 that any amount paid to a contractor without deducting tax at source

was likely to become not deductible in computation of income under Section 40 and that the legislature, being conscious of the likely predicament,

provided that the provision shall become operative from 01.04.2005. The High Court further proceeded to observe that any other interpretation would

amount to punishing the assessee for no fault of his. The High Court further observed that Section 11 of the said Finance Act, inserting sub-clause

(ia), did not provide that the same was to become effective from the assessment year 2005-2006. We may usefully reproduce the opinion of the

Calcutta High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh, as under (at p. 326 of ITR):-

“9. Admittedly, the Finance Act, 2004 got presidential assent on September 10, 2004. The assessee could not have foreseen prior to September 10,

2004 that any amount paid to a contractor without deducting tax at source was likely to become not deductible under section 40. It is difficult to

assume that the Legislature was not aware or did not foresee the aforesaid predicament. The Legislature therefore provided that the Act shall

become operative on April 1, 2005. Any other interpretation shall amount to ""punishing the assessee for no fault of his"" following the judgment in the

case of Hindustan Electro Graphites Ltd. (supra).

On top of that, section 4 relied upon by Mr. Agarwal merely provides for an enactment as regards rate of tax to be charged in any particular

assessment year which has no application to the case before us. Section 11 of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 by which sub-clause (ia) was added to

section 40(a) of the Income-tax Act does not provide that the same was to become effective from the assessment year 2005-06. It merely says it

shall become effective on April 1, 2005 which for reasons already discussed should mean to refer to the financial year. There is, as such, no scope for

any ambiguity nor is there any scope for confusion…...â€​

17.3. Learned counsel for the appellant has submitted that the revenue has accepted the said decision and has not filed any appeal against the same. It

appears, however, that the amount of deduction in the said case was only a sum of Rs. 4,30,386/- and obviously, the net tax effect in that case,

decided on 12.07.2016, was on the lower side. In any case, the said decision cannot be treated as final declaration of law on the subject merely

because the same has not been appealed against. Having examined the law applicable, with respect, we find it difficult to approve the above-quoted

opinion of the Calcutta High Court, particularly when it does not appear standing in conformity with the scheme of assessment of income tax under the

Act of 1961 and where the High Court seems to have not noticed the proviso to clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act forming the part of the

amendment in question.

17.4. It needs hardly any detailed discussion that in income tax matters, the law to be applied is that in force in the assessment year in question, unless

stated otherwise by express intendment or by necessary implication. As per Section 4 of the Act of 1961, the charge of income tax is with reference

to any assessment year, at such rate or rates as provided in any central enactment for the purpose, in respect of the total income of the previous year

of any person. The expression “previous year†is defined in Section 3 of the Act to mean ‘the financial year immediately preceding the

assessment year’; and the expression “assessment year†is defined in clause (9) of Section 2 of the Act to mean ‘the period of twelve

months commencing on the 1st day of April every year’.

17.5. In the case of Commissioner of Income-Tax, West Bengal v. Isthmian Steamship Lines: (1951) 20 ITR 572, a 3-Judge Bench of this Court

exposited on the fundamental principle that ‘in income-tax matters the law to be applied is the law in force in the assessment year unless otherwise

stated or implied.’ This decision and various other decisions were considered by the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Karimtharuvi

Tea Estate Ltd. v. State of Kerala: (1966) 60 ITR 262 and the principles were laid down in the following terms (at pp. 264-266 of ITR):-

“Now, it is well- settled that the Income-tax Act, as it stands amended on the first day of April of any financial year must apply to the

assessments of that year. Any amendments in the Act which come into force after the first day of April of a financial year, would not apply

to the assessment for that year, even if the assessment is actually made after the amendments come into force.

*** *** ***

The High Court has, however relied upon a decision of this court in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Isthmian Steamship Lines, where it was held as

follows :

It will be observed that we are here concerned with two datum lines : (1) the 1st of April, 1940, when the Act came into force, and (2) the 1st of

April, 1939, which is the date mentioned in the amended proviso. The first question to be answered is whether these dates are to apply to the

accounting year or the year of assessment. They must be held to apply to the assessment year, because in income-tax matters the law to be applied is

the law in force in the assessment year unless otherwise stated or implied. The first datum line therefore affected only the assessment year of 1940-

41, because the amendment did not come into force till the 1st of April 1940. That means that the old law applied to every assessment year up to and

including the assessment year 1939-40.

This decision is authority for the proposition that though the subject of the charge is the income of the previous year, the law to be

applied is that in force in the assessment year, unless otherwise stated or implied. The facts of the said decision are different and

distinguishable and the High Court was clearly in error in applying that decision to the facts of the present case.â€​

(emphasis in bold supplied)

17.6. We need not multiply on the case law on the subject as the principles aforesaid remain settled and unquestionable. Applying these principles to

the case at hand, we are clearly of the view that the provision in question, having come into effect from 01.04.2005, would apply from and for the

assessment year 2005-2006 and would be applicable for the assessment in question. Putting it differently, the legislature consciously made the said

sub-clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act effective from 01.04.2005, meaning thereby that the same was to be applicable from and for the

assessment year 2005-2006; and neither there had been express intendment nor any implication that it would apply only from the financial year 2005-

2006.

17.7. The observations of Calcutta High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh (supra) as regards the likely prejudice to an assessee in relation to the

financial year 2004-2005, in our view, do not relate to any legal grievance or legal prejudice. The requirement of deducting tax at source was already

existing as per Section 194C of the Act and it was the bounden duty of the appellant to make such deduction of TDS and to make over the same to

the revenue. Section 201 was also in existence which made it clear that default in making deduction in accordance with the provisions of the Act

would make the appellant “an assessee in defaultâ€. The appellant cannot suggest that even if the obligation of TDS on the payments made by him

was existing by virtue of Section 194C(2), he would have honoured such an obligation only if being aware of the drastic consequence of default that

such payment shall not be deducted for the purpose of drawing up the assessment.

17.7.1. Apart from the above, significant it is to notice that by the amendment in question, clause (ia) was added to Section 40(a) of the Act with a

proviso to the effect that where, in respect of the sum referable to TDS requirement, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been

deducted during the previous year but paid in any subsequent year after expiry of the time prescribed in Section 200(1), such sum shall be allowed as a

deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid. The proviso effectively took care of the case of any bonafide

assessee who would earnestly comply with the requirement of deducting the tax at source. It is evident that the said proviso has totally escaped the

attention of Calcutta High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh (supra). In fact, the relaxation by way of the proviso/s to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act had

further been modulated by way of various subsequent amendments to further mitigate the hardships of bonafide assessees, as noticed hereafter later.

Suffice it to observe for the present purpose that the said decision in PIU Ghosh cannot be regarded as correct on law.

17.8. In fact, if the contention of learned counsel for the appellant read with the proposition in PIU Ghosh (supra) is accepted and the said sub-clause

(ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act is held applicable only from the financial year 2005-2006, the result would be that this provision would apply only from

the assessment year 2006-2007. Such a result is neither envisaged nor could be countenanced. Hence, the contention that sub-clause (ia), of clause

(a) of Section 40 of the Act would apply only from the financial year 2005-2006 and cannot apply to the present case pertaining to the financial year

2004-2005 stands rejected.

The supplemental submission that in any case, disallowance cannot be applied to the payments already made prior to 10.09.2004, the date on

which the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 received the assent of the President of India, remains equally baseless. The said date of assent of the President

of India to Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 is not the date of applicability of the provision in question, for the specific date having been provided as

01.04.2005. Of course, the said date relates to the assessment year commencing from 01.04.2005 (i.e., assessment year 2005-2006).

18.1. Even if it be assumed, going by the suggestions of the appellant, that the requirements of Section 40(a)(ia) became known on 10.09.2004, the

appellant could have taken all the requisite steps to make deductions or, in any case, to make payment of the TDS amount to the revenue during the

same financial year or even in the subsequent year, as per the relaxation available in the proviso to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act but, the appellant

simply avoided his obligation and attempted to suggest that it had no liability to deduct the tax at source at all. Such an approach of the appellant, when

standing at conflict with law, the consequence of disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act remains inevitable.

In yet another alternative attempt, learned counsel for the appellant has argued that by way of Finance (No.2) Act, 2014, disallowance under

Section 40(a)(ia) has been limited to 30% of the sum payable and the said amendment deserves to be held retrospective in operation. This line of

argument has been grafted with reference to the decision in Calcutta Export Company (supra) wherein, another amendment of Section 40(a)(ia) by

the Finance Act of 2010 was held by this Court to be retrospective in operation. The submission so made is not only baseless but is bereft of any logic.

Neither the amendment made by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2014 could be stretched anterior the date of its substitution so as to reach the assessment

year 2005-2006 nor the said decision in Calcutta Export Company has any correlation with the case at hand or with the amendment made by the

Finance (No.2) Act of 2014.

19.1. By the amendment brought about in the year 2014, the legislature reduced the extent of disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act and

limited it to 30% of the sum payable. On the other hand, by the Finance Act of 2010, which was considered in the case of Calcutta Export Company

(supra), the proviso to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act was amended so as to provide relief to a bonafide assessee who could not make deposit of

deducted tax within prescribed time. In fact, even before the year 2010, the said proviso was amended by the Finance Act 2008 and that amendment

of the year 2008 was provided retrospective operation by the legislature itself. For ready reference, we may reproduce in juxtaposition the main part

of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act as it would read after the amendments of 2008, 2010 and 2014 respectively, as under [The Explanation part of the

provision is omitted, for being not relevant for the present purpose.]:-

(i) After the amendment by Finance Act, 2008

“40. Amounts not deductible. - Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in sections 30 to 38, the following amounts shall not be deducted in

computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or professionâ€​,-

(a) in the case of any assessee-

*** *** ***

(ia) any interest, commission or brokerage, rent, royalty [The expressions “rent, royalty†were inserted in the year 2006.], fees for professional

services or fees for technical services payable to a resident, or amounts payable to a contractor or sub-contractor, being resident, for carrying out any

work (including supply of labour for carrying out any work), on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been

deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid,-

(A) in a case where the tax was deductible and was so deducted during the last month of the previous year, on or before the due date specified in

sub-section (1) of section 139; or

(B) in any other case, on or before the last day of the previous year:

Provided that where in respect of any such sum, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year or, has been deducted â€

(A) during the last month of the previous year but paid after the said due date; or

(B) during any other month of the previous year but paid after the end of the said previous year,

such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid.

*** *** ***â€​

(ii) After the amendment by Finance Act, 2010

“40. Amounts not deductible. - Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in sections 30 to 38, the following amounts shall not be deducted in

computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or professionâ€​,-

(a) in the case of any assessee-

*** *** ***

(ia) any interest, commission or brokerage, rent, royalty, fees for professional services or fees for technical services payable to a resident, or amounts

payable to a contractor or sub-contractor, being resident, for carrying out any work (including supply of labour for carrying out any work), on which

tax is deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid on or before the due date

specified in sub-section (1) of section 139:

Provided that where in respect of any such sum, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but

paid after the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139, such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous

year in which such tax has been paid:

*** *** ***â€​

(iii) After the amendment by Finance (No.2) Act, 2014

“40. Amounts not deductible. - Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in sections 30 to 38, the following amounts shall not be deducted in

computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or professionâ€​,-

(a) in the case of any assessee-

*** *** ***

(ia) thirty per cent. of any sum payable to a resident, on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been deducted

or, after deduction, has not been paid on or before the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139:

Provided that where in respect of any such sum, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but

paid after the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139, thirty per cent. of such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income

of the previous year in which such tax has been paid [This proviso was substituted in the year 2008 and again in the year 2010; and then, was

amended by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2014.]:

Provided further that where an assessee fails to deduct the whole or any part of the tax in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVII-B on any

such sum but is not deemed to be an assessee in default under the first proviso to sub-section (1) of section 201, then, for the purpose of this sub-

clause, it shall be deemed that the assessee has deducted and paid the tax on such sum on the date of furnishing of return of income by the resident

payee referred to in the said proviso. [This proviso was inserted by Act No. 23 of 2012.]

*** *** ***â€​

19.2. The aforesaid amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act of 2014 was specifically made applicable w.e.f. 01.04.2015 and clearly represents the will

of the legislature as to what is to be deducted or what percentage of deduction is not to be allowed for a particular eventuality, from the assessment

year 2015-2016.

19.3. On the other hand, in the case of Calcutta Export Company (supra), this Court noticed the aforesaid two amendments to Section 40(a)(ia) of the

Act by the Finance Act, 2008 and by the Finance Act, 2010, which were intended to deal with procedural hardship likely to be faced by the bonafide

tax payer, who had deducted tax at source but could not make deposit within the prescribed time so as to claim deduction. In paragraph 17 of

judgment in Calcutta Export Company, this Court took note of the case of genuine hardship, particularly of the assessees who had deducted tax at

source in the  last month of previous year; and observed in paragraph 18 that the said amendment of the year 2008 was brought about with a view to

mitigate such hardship. After reproducing the said amendment of the year 2008 and after noticing its retrospective operation, this Court delved into the

position obtaining after 2008, where still remained one class of  assessees who could not claim deduction for the TDS amount in the previous year in

which the tax was deducted and who could claim benefit of such deduction in the next year only; and, after finding that the amendment of the year

2010 was intended to remedy this position, held that the said amendment, being curative in nature, is required to be given retrospective operation that

is, from the date of insertion of Section 40(a)(ia).

19.4. Learned counsel for the appellant has only referred to the concluding part of the decision in Calcutta Export Company but, a look at the entire

synthesis by this Court, of the reasons for  the amendments of 2008 and 2010, makes it clear as to why this Court held that the amendment of the

year 2010 would be retrospective in operation. We may usefully reproduce the relevant discussion and exposition of this Court in Calcutta Export

Company as under:- (at pp. 663-666 of ITR):-

“19. The above amendments made by the Finance Act, 2008 thus provided that no disallowance under section 40(a)(ia) of the Income-tax Act

shall be made in respect of the expenditure incurred in the month of March if the tax deducted at source on such expenditure has been paid before the

due date of filing of the return. It is important to mention here that the amendment was given retrospective operation from the date of April 1,2005,

i.e., from the very date of substitution of the provision.

Therefore, the assesses were, after the said amendment in 2008, classified in two categories namely: one, those who have deducted that tax during

the last month of the previous year and two, those who have deducted the tax in the remaining eleven months of the previous year. It was provided

that in the case of assessees falling under the first category, no disallowance under section 40(a)(ia) of the Income-tax Act shall be made if the tax

deducted by them during the last month of the previous year has been paid on or before the last day of filing of return in accordance with the

provisions of section 139(1) of the Income-tax Act for the said previous year. In case, the assessees are falling under the second category, no

disallowance under section 40(a)(ia) of Income-tax Act where the tax was deducted before the last month of the previous year and the same was

credited to the Government before the expiry of the previous year. The net effect is that the assessee could not claim deduction for the TDS amount

in the previous year in which the tax was deducted and the benefit of such deductions can be claimed in the next year only.

The amendment though has addressed the concerns of the assesses falling in the first category but with regard to the case falling in the second

category, it was still resulting into unintended consequences and causing grave and genuine hardships to the assesses who had substantially complied

with the relevant TDS provisions by deducting the tax at source and by paying the same to the credit of the Government before the due date of filing

of their returns under section 139(1) of the Income-tax Act. The disability to claim deductions on account of such lately credited sum of TDS in

assessment of the previous year in which it was deducted, was detrimental to the small traders who may not be in a position to bear the burden of

such disallowance in the present assessment year.

In order to remedy this position and to remove hardships which were being caused to the assessees belonging to such second category,

amendments have been made in the provisions of section 40(a) (ia) by the Finance Act, 2010.

*** *** ***

Thus, the Finance Act, 2010 further relaxed the rigors of section 40(a)(ia) of the Income-tax Act to provide that all TDS made during the previous

year can be deposited with the Government by the due date of filing the return of income. The idea was to allow additional time to the deductors to

deposit the TDS so made. However, the Memorandum Explaining the Provisions of the Finance Bill, 2010 expressly mentioned as follows: ""This

amendment is proposed to take effect retrospectively from April 1, 2010 and will, accordingly, apply in relation to the assessment year 2010-11 and

subsequent years.

The controversy surrounding the above amendment was whether the amendment being curative in nature should be applied retrospectively, i.e.,

from the date of insertion of the provisions of section 40(a)(ia) or to be applicable from the date of enforcement.

*** *** ***

A proviso which is inserted to remedy unintended consequences and to make the provision workable, a proviso which supplies an obvious omission

in the section, is required to be read into the section to give the section a reasonable interpretation and requires to be treated as retrospective in

operation so that a reasonable interpretation can be given to the section as a whole.

The purpose of the amendment made by the Finance Act, 2010 is to solve the anomalies that the insertion of section 40(a)(ia) was causing to the

bona fide tax payer. The amendment, even if not given operation retrospectively, may not materially be of consequence to the Revenue when the tax

rates are stable and uniform or in cases of big assessees having substantial turnover and equally huge expenses and necessary cushion to absorb the

effect. However, marginal and medium taxpayers, who work at low gross product rate and when expenditure which becomes the subject matter of an

order under section 40(a)(ia) is substantial, can suffer severe adverse consequences if the amendment made in 2010 is not given retrospective

operation, i.e., from the date of substitution of the provision. Transferring or shifting expenses to a subsequent year, in such cases, will not wipe out the

adverse effect and the financial stress. Such could not be the intention of the Legislature. Hence, the amendment made by the Finance Act, 2010

being curative in nature is required to be given retrospective operation, i.e., from the date of insertion of the said provision.â€​

19.5. A bare look at the extraction aforesaid makes it clear that what this Court has held as regards “retrospective operation†is that the

amendment of the year 2010, being curative in nature, would be applicable from the date of insertion of the provision in question i.e., sub-clause (ia) of

Section 40(a) of the Act. This being the position, it is difficult to find any substance in the argument that the principles adopted by this Court in the

case of Calcutta Export Company (supra) dealing with curative amendment, relating more to the procedural aspects concerning deposit of the

deducted TDS, be applied to the amendment of the substantive provision by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2014.

19.6. We may in the passing observe that the assessee-appellant was either labouring under the mistaken impression that he was not required to

deduct TDS or under the mistaken belief that the methodology of splitting a single payment into parts below Rs. 20,000/- would provide him escape

from the rigour of the provisions of the Act providing for disallowance. In either event, the appellant had not been a bonafide assessee who had made

the deduction and deposited it subsequently. Obviously, the appellant could not have derived the benefits that were otherwise available by the curative

amendments of 2008 and 2010. Having defaulted at every stage, the attempt on the part of assessee-appellant to seek some succor in the amendment

of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2014 could only be rejected as entirely baseless, rather preposterous.

19.7. Hence, Question No.3 is also answered in the negative, i.e., against the assessee-appellant and in favour of the revenue.

Question No. 4

Before finally answering the root question in the matter as to whether the payments in question have rightly been disallowed from deduction, we

may usefully summarise the answers to Question Nos. 1 to 3 that the provisions of Section 194C were indeed applicable and the assessee-appellant

was under obligation to deduct the tax at source in relation to the payments made by it for hiring the vehicles for the purpose of its business of

transportation of goods; that disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act is not limited only to the amount outstanding and this provision equally

applies in relation to the expenses that had already been incurred and paid by the assessee; that disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act of 961

as introduced by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 with effect from 01.04.2005 is applicable to the case at hand relating to the assessment year 2005-

2006; and that the benefit of amendment made in the year 2014 to the provision in question is not available to the appellant in the present case. These

answers practically conclude the matter but we have formulated Question No. 4 essentially to deal with the last limb of submissions regarding the

prejudice likely to be suffered by the appellant.

The suggestion on behalf of the appellant about the likely prejudice because of disallowance deserves to be rejected for three major reasons. In

the first place, it is clear from the provisions dealing with disallowance of deductions in part D of Chapter IV of the Act, particularly those contained in

Sections 40(a)(ia) and 40A(3) [Section 40A(3) envisaged at the relevant time that twenty percent of the expenditure exceeding twenty thousand

rupees, of which payment was made otherwise than by a crossed cheque or bank draft, shall not be allowed as a deduction.] of the Act, that the said

provisions are intended to enforce due compliance of the requirement of other provisions of the Act and to ensure proper collection of tax as also

transparency in dealings of the parties. The necessity of disallowance comes into operation only when default of the nature specified in the provisions

takes place. Looking to the object of these provisions, the suggestions about prejudice or hardship carry no meaning at all. Secondly, as noticed, by

way of the proviso as originally inserted and its amendments in the years 2008 and 2010, requisite relief to a bonafide tax payer who had collected

TDS but could not deposit within time before submission of the return was also provided; and as regards the amendment of 2010, this Court ruled it to

be retrospective in operation. The proviso so amended, obviously, safeguarded the interest of a bonafide assessee who had made the deduction as

required and had paid the same to the revenue. The appellant having failed to avail the benefit of such relaxation too, cannot now raise a grievance of

alleged hardship. Thirdly, as noticed, the appellant had shown total payments in Truck Freight Account at Rs. 1,37,71,206/- and total receipts from the

company at Rs. 1,43,90,632/-. What has been disallowed is that amount of Rs. 57,11,625/- on which the appellant failed to deduct the tax at source

and not the entire amount received from the company or paid to the truck operators/owners. Viewed from any angle, we do not find any case of

prejudice or legal grievance with the appellant.

21.1. Hence, answer to Question No. 4 is clearly in the affirmative i.e., against the appellant and in favour of the revenue that the payments in

question have rightly been disallowed from deduction while computing the total income of the assessee-appellant.

Conclusion

For what has been discussed hereinabove, this appeal fails and is, therefore, dismissed with costs.