V. Krishnayya vs S. Ponnuswami Iyer and Another

Schwabe, C.J.—This is an appeal from the judgment of Phillips, J. in which ho decided that a loan made to the defendant by the plaintiffs''

firm secured by promissory notes and by deposits of title deeds was secured by a valid equitable mortgage.

The facts of the ease are that the defendant was a servant in a certain firm and had borrowed from time to time monies from that firm secured by

promissory notes and by deposit of title-deeds of his house. The firm dissolved and the plaintiffs'' firm took over the asets and liabilities of the firm

and continued the defendant in their employment. Shortly after the taking over of the firm, they made an advance of Rs. 300 to the defendant and

took a promissory-note from him for the outstanding amount of his indebtedness to the old firm plus Rs. 500 and at a later date they made further

advance to him, same secured by promissory notes. About the time of the advance of Rs 500 the document Ex B was executed by the defendant

and it runs thus. ""Collateral security letter in respect of a house executed in favour of Messrs. Perur Viswanadham and Koneti Desikacharyulu

Company of Madras. As you have this-day obtained an assignment of the sum of Rs. 1,945 due by me to Messrs Peruru Viswanadham and Co.,

the same being the sum of principal and interest due, I have this day executed a pro-note in your favour for this sum and the sum of Rs. 500 taken

to day, i.e., the total of Rs. 2,445; so let it be known that for that I have retained with y m as collateral security my document of the Collector''s

certificate No. 815, in respect of my house bearing door No. 11 in Tiruvateeswaranpet, Madras."" This, I understand from my learned brother, is a

more accurate translation than that printed in the documents. The defendant says that, that document, is in itself an equitable mortgage of his house

and, as it has not been registered, it cannot be given in evidence.

The law on the subject has on several occasions been said to be quite clear, but the application of the law, as far as I can see, has not been

easy. The Privy Council in Subramanyan v. Latchman [1923] 50 Cal. 338 applying the principles laid down by Lord Cairns in the leading case of

Shaw v. Foster L.R. 5 H.L. 321 said, ""the test is, did the document constitute the bargain between the parties or was it merely the record of an

already completed transaction?"". If it constitutes the bargain, then, on the well-known Rule that, where contracts are reduced to writing, you

cannot give parol evidence of their contents, in order to prove the mortgage, the plaintiff would have to attempt to put in as evidence the document

and, if it is a mortgage-document, he would be precluded from so doing by the Transfer of Property Act, and under the Registration, Act. The

question in each case, which it is difficult to decide, is whether or not, the document does constitute the bargain, or is merely a record of a

completed transaction : and I think that when one looks at the cases, the easiest guide is the question whether or not the money was paid before

the making of the document, because, if the money is handed over contemporaneously with, or its exchange for, the document or after the

document, it will be very difficult to establish that the document did not contain the terms of the bargain between the parties. In order to arrive at

the true facts in respect of that question, I think that the first thing to do is to look at the document itself. In many cases, it will appear from the

document that the document is handed over before any advance is made; in some cases it will appear from the document, that the document

comes into existence in reference to a past advance, as for instance, where an advance is secured by a promissory note and the document giving

equitable mortgage of the property as security is dated at a later date than the time of the advance; and, as a general rule, the terms of the

document itself are a better guide to the truth than the verbal evidence giver, afterwards by persons either trying to escape from the liability or to

establish it. The terms of the document are to the effect that the matter had already been completed, and I do not think that this document was

made to create a charge. I think, it was merely recording the charge which had already been created, and I think, it can be said that there was here

a completed contract of mortgage before the letter was passed, so distinguishing it from Bairab Chandra Bose v. Anathnath De 57 Ind .Cas. 686,

where, on the terms of the document there, and from the surrounding circumstances, it was held that it could not be said that there had been a

completed contract before the letter was passed. I rely mainly on the past tense used in the letter. It says that the promissor has executed the

promissory note and that he has taken a sum of Rs. 500 and he purports to inform the new firm that he has left with them his documents as

collateral security. I think, on the whole it is merely recording the facts for their information and, of course, in order to provide them with strong

evidence if necessary, and not making the bargain by the letter.

The oral evidence is not satisfactory. The defendant himself does not make good on his evidence the case for which he is contending. The

evidence called by the plaintiff is not satisfactory because it is that of gumastas who knew very little about the facts and that of a partner of the firm

who, though gives some strong evidence from which it could be inferred that the bargain had been in fact completed before this document, he does

not pretend to have been present or to be able to give definite firsthand evidence of the facts.

On the whole, I must come to the conclusion that the learned Judge is right. I should add that, in his judgment, he expressed the view that, even

if this document did contain the terms of the contract made, it would be possible for the plaintiffs to prove their equitable mortgage by proving the

fact of the deposit of the title-deeds with them. In so holding, he was following the decision in Elumalai Chetty and Jagannadha Chetty Vs. P.

Balakrishna Mudaliar, , which, I think, in view of the later decision of the Privy Council in Subrahmaniam v. Latchman [1923] 50 Cal. 338, can no

longer be taken to be the law.

The appeal must be dismissed with costs. The Receivers may take their costs from the estate in the first instance. Six months'' time is allowed for

redemption.

Ramesam, J.

I would add, that the translation of Ex. B, even in the first 8enten.ee, is not strictly accurate. It ought to run, ""As I have this day got novated in

your favour the sum of Rs. J.945, etc."" The Telugu is ""Avala"" which means novation and not assignment. If the plaintiffs'' firm are assignees from

the old firm, strictly the assignment would have to be by a registered instrument. But no such difficulty arises. I agree with my Lord''s judgment.