V. Rajaram vs Ramanujam Iyengar and Others

Ganapatia Pillai, J.—The appellant in this appeal is the plaintiff in the suit out of which it arises"". The suit was brought by the appellant against

a number of defendants who are all respondents here for the main relief of recovery of possession of properties alleged to belong to a choultry.

There were two schedules attached to the, plaint. Schedule A contained the site and the building of the choultry founded by one Veerappa the

paternal grandfather of the plaintiff. Schedule B to the plaint contains a list of properties, all lands, endowed by this Veerappa for the maintenance

and upkeep of the said choultry founded by him. Veerappa executed a gift deed in 1887 for this creation of this endowment and also provided by

that deed for succession of managers for the institution. He indicated that he would be manager during his lifetime, and after him his son and sons''

heirs should manage the endowments, receive income from B schedule lands and keep up the charity by maintaining the services to be performed

therein. The alienations as a result of which the B Schedule properties went out of the hands of the trust can be classified under three heads : (i)

alienations by Nachiappa, the paternal grandfather of the plaintiff, between the years 1898 to 1907. It may be noticed here that Nachiappa died

only in 1919. The second class of alienations is covered by two court sales in O. S. No. 1011 of 1901, D. M. C. Kulitalai, and O. S. No. 1251 of

1904 of the same court. The third category of alienations are two sales by Veerappa, the father of the plaintiff, who was impleaded as the 38th

defendant in the suit. It may be noticed here that he died during the pendency of the suit in the lower court, and consequently, an amendment of the

plaint was sought and the relief of recovery of possession of the properties alienated by Veerappa was added to the plaint.

It is common ground that all B schedule properties are absolutely dedicated to the charity namely the said chatram. Various pleas were taken by

the defendant which it is unnecessary for the present purpose to detail. Out of the numerous issues framed in the suit the learned Subordinate Judge

proceeded to consider issue 10 and additional issue 1 as preliminary issues. These issues read as under :

Whether the suit is barred by limitation for all or any of the reasons set forth in the written statements; what is the correct age of the plaintiff?

Additional Issue I : Whether the claim for possession is barred by limitation.

Reading both these issues it will be seen that in effect the suit was resisted on the ground that the claim for recovery of possession was barred by

limitation. The learned Subordinate Judge considered that the claim for recovery of possession of the lands contained in, B schedule was barred by

limitation because in respect of alienations by the grandfather Nachiappa who died in 1919, suits to set aside such alienations ought to have been

instituted within 12 years from the date of the alienation itself, and the last such alienation being in 1907, by the time of the death of Nachiappa, all

such suits would have become barred. In the case of alienations which were the result of court sale he followed the same rule, and held that the suit

was barred by limitation because the claim to recover such property became barred 12 years after the alienee or purchaser in court sale took

possession. In respect of the alienations made by Veerappa the father of the appellant, the learned Judge held that since Veerappa himself had lost

his right to file the suit to recover the properties the successor was barred.

Mr. Ramaswami Aiyangar counsel for the appellant was on very firm ground when he attacked the last finding of the learned judge, namely, the

alienations made by the 38th defendant (father of the appellant). Under Article 134-B of the Limitation Act time begins to run to recover

possession of Immovable property alienated by a previous manager of a Hindu, Mohamedan or Buddhist religious or charitable endowment only

from the date of death, resignation or removal of the transferor. Out of the two alienations made by Veerappa one was made after Act I of 1929

became law. It is by that Act that Article 134-B came into force on the 1st January, 1929. The other alienation by Veerappa was in 1926 and

certainly when the amending Act of 1929 was passed introducing Article 134-B and providing a period of limitation of 12 years from the death of

the previous manager. Limitation could not begin to run so long as Veerappa was alive. The learned Judge was therefore obviously wrong with

reference to the alienations made by Veerappa when he held that the plaintiff''s suit was barred by limitation. However he was correct when he

said the suit was premature at the time when it was instituted because Veerappa was then alive, because the cause of action for bringing the suit

would come into existence only on the death or resignation of Veerappa. But on the date when he dismissed the suit certainly Veerappa was dead

and the plaintiff had a clear cause of action under Article 134-6 of the Limitation Act. The suit would therefore be remanded for the purpose of

determination of this question namely the right of the plaintiff to avoid alienations made by his father and to recover properties comprised in items

10 and 11 in paragraph 7 of the plaint.

Those alienations are dated 4-1-1929 and 4-2-1928 (Exs. B.65 and B.74). When the suit is remanded for the determination of the claim of the

plaintiff in regard to these two relevant issues touching this question will also have to be decided by the learned Subordinate Judge as till now no

trial on those issues has been had.

In regard to the alienations which are listed as items 8 and 9 in paragraph 7 of the plaint, namely, two court sales, the conclusion of the learned

Subordinate Judge cannot be assailed. The Privy Council had to deal with the same question in AIR 1950 44 (Privy Council) . The headnote of

that case correctly reproduces the rule laid down by the Privy Council. We extract it below :

The words used in Article 134-B are incapable of applying to an execution sale of debutter property and where land devoted to charitable

purposes is so sold under an execution decree against the trustee of the charity, the ensuing possession of the purchaser is adverse from the date of

sale. Adverse possession against the charity starts under Article 144, from whatever date after the sale the purchaser obtained effective possession

of the disputed property and not from the date of the death of the trustee"" (the rest of the headnote is omitted as unnecessary).

We now come to the category of alienations namely those made by Nachiappa the grandfather of the appellant upto 1907. Mr. Ramaswami

Aiyangar learned counsel for the appellant attempted an argument that in respect of these alienations they must be held to be voidable and

consequently so long as Nachiappa was alive adverse possession did not run and cause of action for avoiding these alienations would only start on

the death of Nachiappa and the period of limitation for such suits would not have run out till 1931, and consequently in 1929 when Article 134-6

was introduced a fresh period of limitation from that date must necessarily arise. The whole argument proceeds on the central assumption that these

alienations were voidable and were not void. A long line of cases has clearly expressed the distinction between alienations made by the trustee of a

charity like a chatram in his professed capacity as trustee and alienations of trust property made by the trustee treating the property as his personal

private property. This principle is well established and it may not be necessary for us to refer to all the decisions except three of them. S.K.

Venkatasubramania Ayyar and Others Vs. S. Sivagurunatha Chettiar and Others, , Alam Khan Sahib Vs. A.L.M. Karuppannaswami Nadan and

Others, , Hemantakumari v. Iswar Sridhar Jiu, AIR 1946 Cal 473.

We may also refer to the unreported decision of Subrahmanyam, J., of this court in S. A. No. 774 of 1957. We do not propose to analyse the

facts of these cases as the distinction which is brought out in them can be expressed succinctly in the following language. Alienation of property

belonging to a trust, a charity, by the manager or trustee professing to act in that capacity would aot be void ab initio unless the alienation was of

the entire institution itself along with the endowed properties. But where the alienation is made of endowed property by the trustee or manager

without disclosing that he was acting in that capacity but claiming such properties as his personal properties the alienations would certainly be void

as the very act of the alienation was in derogation of the trust. Irrespective of the. period of limitation itself within which the suit had to be filed for

recovering property alienated by a trustee or manager treating it as his personal capacity, if the alienee has remained in possession for 12 years

from the date of alienation he acquires title to the property by adverse possession. That conclusion is based upon the principle that a person in

possession without lawful title always acquires title by adverse possession provided the other requisites for establishing adverse possession are

present. In a case where a person purchases property from the manager of a choultry treating the property as the personal property of that

individual (manager) he certainly professes to hold the property not as a alienee from the manager but as alienee from the individual. In that case

adverse possession starts from the very date of the alienation where transfer of possession was had. A suit to recover possession of such property

after the alienee had perfected title by adverse possession would fail on the ground that the defendant had acquired title by adverse possession.

Here all the alienations coming under the first group indicated by us are alienations made by Nachiappa treating the properties as his personal

properties but Mr. Ramaswami Aiyangar brings to our notice the alienation under Ex. B.54 which he says does not fall under this category. The

argument which he advances for this alienation is that the vendee is directed to pay every year a small sum of money for the upkeep of the choultry

as a condition of the sale. We do not think this would be sufficient to avoid describing this alienation as one made by Nachiappa in his capacity as

manager of the chatram. Indeed on reading the document we are satisfied that he purported to execute it in his personal capacity because he

executes it not only for himself but also as guardian of his minor son. Therefore the disposal of the suit in respect of the first category on the ground

of limitation was correct. Equally, the disposal of the suit with reference to the second category namely alienations cinder the court sale Nos. 8 and

9 in paragraph 7 of the plaint will also stand. There will be a remand of the suit for disposal of the other questions remaining with reference to the

alienations Nos. 10 and 11 in paragraph 7 of the plaint.

We do not provide for costs of the appeal. Nor do we think should respondents get their costs. Both parties in the appeal will bear their own

costs. The costs of the trial after remand with be provided for by the learned Subordinate Judge. To the extent to which the order of remand

directs retrial of the suit on the issues relevant to the two alienations made by the father of the appellant the decree of the lower court is set aside.

We excuse payment of the court-fee due on the appeal memorandum because we are remanding the suit partly for retrial.