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Judgment
Alfred Henry Lionel Leach, C.J.—The respondent''s predecessors-in-title obtained an inam grant from Tippu Sultan. The grant was
confirmed in 1866 at the time of the Inam Settlement. The validity of the grant had, however, been recognised for many years before that. The land
in respect of which the respondent holds the grant is situate in Malabar. In 1932 he filed a suit in the Court of the District Munsif of Quilandy to
recover from the appellants, who are in possession, a sum of Rs. 450-4-11 made up of land revenue and amounts paid by him in respect of land
cess and education tax over a period of 12 years. He also claimed interest. With regard to the land cess and education tax the respondent''s case
was that he had been compelled to pay the amounts to Government and therefore Was entitled to recover them from the occupiers of the land.
The appellants denied that the respondent was entitled to recover anything from them. The District Munsif held that the respondent had the right to
recover the amount claimed for land revenue with interest and also to the amount claimed in respect of land cess, but in that case without interest.
He rejected the claim so far it related to the education tax. An appeal and a cross-appeal were file d in the Court of the District Judge, North
Malabar. The District Judge held in favour of the respondent on all the points and decreed the suit. The appeal before us is, from the decree of the
District Judge. The learned Advocate for the appellants concedes that the respondent is entitled to recover from them the amount claimed in
respect of land revenue, but he challenges the findings of the District judge or the other points. The questions which the Court is called upon to
decide are therefore these: - (1) Whether the respondent; is entitled to interest in respect of the amount of the; arrears of laridrevenue; (2) Whether
anything is recoverable from the appellants in respect of land cess and education tax; and (3) if they are liable in respect of land cess or for
education tax what is the period of limitation?
It is clear that the respondent is not entitled to interest in respect of the amount due for land revenue unless the case falls within the proviso
contained in the Interest Act, The inam grant does not fix the date when the land revenue is to be paid to the inamdar and no notice in writing was
given to the appellants that interest would be claimed in default of payment. The proviso to the Interest Act, however, leaves it open to the Court
to award interest where a Court of Equity would recognise the claim. This was the construction placed upon the proviso by the Privy Council in the
recent case of the Bengal Nagpur Railway Co., Ltd. v. Ruttanji Ramji (1938) 1 M.L.J. 640 : L.R. 65 IndAp 66 : ILR (1938) 2 Cal. 72 . In
delivering the judgment of the Board, Sir Shadi Lal quoted the observations of Lord Tomlin in Maine and New Brunswick Electrical Power Co. v.
Hart (1929) A.C. 631, where Lord Tomlin said:
In order to invoke a rule of equity it is necessary in the first instance to establish the existence of state of circumstances which attracts the equitable
jurisdiction, as, for example, the non-performance of a contract of which equity can give specific performance.
In Drax, In re : Savile v. Drax (1903) 1 Ch. 781, the Court of Appeal recognised that interest was payable when a settlement or contract
contained a provision that a certain sum should be charged oh land and be paid at a fixed time. In the case before us neither of these conditions is
fulfilled. It is true that the trial Court and the District Court considered that the respondent was entitled to a charge and this finding has not been
expressly challenged by the appellants in their memorandum of appeal. I shall state presently what we consider should be the form of the decree,
but for the purposes of deciding whether interest is recoverable or not we have to consider whether a Court of Equity would grant it.
In Subbaroya Goundan v. Ranganada Mudaliar (1915) 30 M.L.J. 387 : ILR 40 Mad. 93 Wallis, C.J., observed that it was well settled that by
virtue of an assignment from'' Government of the right to land revenue the inamdar did not acquire a charge upon the land and that the assignee was
left to recover rent from the occupiers under the Madras Rent Recovery Act. Seshagiri Aiyar, J., indicated that had it been open to him to do so he
would have come to a different conclusion, but he recognised that the principle of stare decisis applied. The decision in that case was that where
jodi is payable by an inamdar to Government it is recoverable as revenue and is a first charge on the interest of the inamdar, but where a zamindar
has been given the right to collect jodi payable by an inamdar to Government he has no charge on the interest of the inamdar for arrears. In the
course of his judgment Wallis, C.J., pointed out that in Kasturi Gopala Aiyangar v. Anantaram Thivari (1902) 13 M.L.J. 248 : ILR 26 Mad. 730,
it was laid down broadly that assignees of revenue could not proceed u/s 42 of the Madras Revenue Recovery Act and had only a personal claim
and referred to the earlier decisions to the same effect. We are bound by those decisions, but assuming we were not and were disposed to hold
that in this case there was a charge the respondent would still be disentitled to ask a Court of Equity to award him interest. As I have indicated his
grant does not stipulate when the land revenue shall be paid to him. All that he gets under the instrument is the right to collect the land revenue. If it
is not paid within the year or by the end of the year he has his remedy by suit. He could by giving notice in accordance with the provisions of the
Interest Act make sure of a right to interest in default of payment, but he does not come within the provisions of the Madras Revenue Recovery
Act, which only applies to the payment of revenue due to Government. In these circumstances the respondent is not entitled to interest and the
decision of the District Judge on this question will be reversed.
The claim in respect of the land cess payments requires a consideration of certain sections of the Madras Local Boards Act, 1920. Section 74-
B states that in every District, a land cess being a tax on the annual rent value of lands shall be levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
Section 81 provides that the cess shall be levied upon a landholder or Sub-landholder. Section 88 says that every landholder and sub-landholder
shall pay the land cess due in respect of lands held by him, but there are two provisoes. The first allows the landholder or sub-landholder as the
case may be to recover the amount paid by him for an intermediate landholder. If there is no intermediate landholder and the land is occupied by a
tenant the second proviso allows the landholder or sub-landholder or an intermediate landholder to recover half the amount of the cess from the
tenant. The definition of ""landholder"" is given in Section 3(9) and reads as follows:
''landholder'' includes all persons holding under a sanad-i-milkiat-istimrar, all other zamindars, poligars, shrotriyamdars, jagirdars, and inamdars, all
persons registered as proprietors u/s 5 of the Madras Limited Proprietors Act, 1911, and all persons forming the land revenue under Government;
all holders of land in the District of Malabar under whatever tenure; and all holders of land under ryotwari settlement, or in any way subject to the
payment of land revenue direct to Government, and all registered holders of land in proprietary right.
Section 3(21) describes a ''sub-landholder'' as a peron, not being a landholder, who (i) holds a portion of an estate consisting of one or more
revenue villages on an under-tenure created, continued or recognised by the proprietor of the estate, or is entitled to collect the rents otherwise
than as agent or servant of the landholder, and (ii) is registered as a sub-landholder in the office of the Collector. Sub-section 22 defines ""tenant"" as
including all persons who, whether personally or by an agent, occupy land under a landholder or an intermediate landholder, and whether or not
they pay rent to the landholder or intermediate landholder as the case may be.
The appellants and the respondent both come within the definition of ''landholder''. The appellants are the holders of land in the District of
Malabar and the respondent is an inamdar. Neither the appellants nor the respondent are within the definition of ""sub-landholder"" but the appellants
come within the definition of ""tenant"". In Bhupathi Raju v. Subba Rao (1931) 62 M.L.J. 472 : ILR 55 Mad. 646, it was pointed out that a person
could not at the same time be a tenant in respect of the land of which he was the interniediate landholder. It is obvious that the appellants cannot be
both the landlords and the tenants of the same land., The definition of ""landholder"" in Section 3 (9) is subject to there being nothing repugnant in the
subject or context, and to treat the appellants as landholders and tenants would not only be contrary to the scheme of the Act, but would be
impossible. In this case the landholder for the purposes of Section 88 must be taken to be the respondent and the appellants must be taken to be
the tenants. This very same grant had to be construed on a previous occasion by this Court. The case was Alubi v. KunhiBi I.L.R.(1886) 10 Mad.
115 where a Division Bench held that the respondent was in the position of a landholder and the occupiers of a portion of the land covered by the
grant were tenants. There is consequently authority for the statement that the appellants can only be regarded as tenants of the respondents.
This being the position and the respondent haying paid the land cess he is entitled to recover half of it from the appellants. The District Judge
held that he was entitled to recover the whole under Sections 69 and 70 of the Contract Act, but this is not so. The respondent could recover the
full amount from the appellants only if he were ""interested"" in making the payments, but not personally liable. If he is liable for the money, and by
reason of Section 88 of the Madras Local Boards Act he is, he could only recover the full amount from the appellants by virtue of some statutory
provision in that behalf. The only statutory provision is that contained in the second proviso to Section 88 of the Madras Local Boards Act, which
gives him the right to recover half the amount paid by him. The right is subject, however, to the Law of Limitation and the Article of the Limitation
Act which applies is Article 120. The Rajah of Vizianagaram represented by his next friend, the Estate Collector appointed under the Court of
Wards Act Vs. Dindi China Thammanna and Others, . The respondent is, therefore, only entitled to half the amount of the land cess paid by him in
respect of the six years immediately preceding the suit. The claim for interest fails for the reasons already given.
The remaining question is whether the respondent was entitled to education tax. The District Judge here again erred. The case is governed by
the provisions of the Madras Elementary Education Act, 1920, before its amendment by the Madras Elementary Education Amendment Act,
1931. Section 34 of the unamended Act provided for the levy of ah education tax and Section 36 stated that the assessment and realisation should
be ""in accordance with the procedure prescribed."" Under the power conferred by Section 36 the following rule was framed:
The tax levied by a local authority u/s 34 of the Act under any head of taxation specified therein, shall be treated as an addition to the tax levied
under the heads by the local authority under the law for the time being in force governing it, and shall be assessed and recovered along with the
said tax as an integral part of it.
There was no provision in the Act that the landholder should be allowed to recover the tax or any portion of it from the tenant and the rule did
not, and could not, supply the deficiency. See Sri Saladi Nagabushanam Vs. Vardhinidi Venkanna and Another, . Under the Act as it now stands
the respondent will in future be able to recover half of the education tax, but this was not the position at any time material to the present suit.
There will be a decree providing for the payment by the appellants to the respondent of (a) the amount claimed in respect of land revenue, but
without interest, and (b) half the land cess paid by the respondent for the six years immediately preceding the suit, also without interest. The claim
in respect of the education tax is disallowed in toto. As the appellants have not appealed against that part of the decree of the lower Court
declaring a charge, the charge will be allowed to stand, but only to the extent of the amount payable under the decree of this Court. As the appeal
has succeeded in part and failed in part the parties will pay and receive proportionate costs throughout.